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. 2022 Nov 6;12:18832. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-23287-6

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© The Author(s) 2022, corrected publication 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Bacterial communities of the studied hive niches at class and phylum levels. (a) Bar plots of the relative frequencies of the bacterial phyla present in each hive niche. Proteobacteria were the most abundant, excluding some natural and semi-natural gut samples rich in Firmicutes, as well as several natural hive entrances enriched for Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes (A = agricultural apiary, SN = semi-natural apiary, N = natural apiary). (b) Pie charts of the bacterial classes presenting relative abundances ≥ 0.1%, in percentages. Some ASVs were only classified up to Domain level, and grouped as “Bacteria”. The group “Others” includes all additional taxa. Gut samples displayed a distinct microbial profile. Internal air, bee bread and hive entrance had similar abundances, with enrichment of Alphaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidia; and numerous bacteria less than 0.1% abundant. (c) Most abundant bacterial genera (≥ 1.0%) per sample type, in percentages. Internal air was not sampled in the semi-natural apiary due to methodological constraints.