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. 2022 Nov 6;12:18832. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-23287-6

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© The Author(s) 2022, corrected publication 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Beta diversity analysis of bacterial microbiota for hive entrance and gut samples. (a) Bray–Curtis based Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) and UPGMA tree of hive entrance samples. Natural hives form an isolated cluster in the PCo1 axis. (b) Bray–Curtis based Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) and UPGMA tree of adult worker gut samples, with clustering and isolation of all environments, and special differentiation for natural samples. Plotting: PCoAs were plotted using Vega editor (v5.22.1, https://vega.github.io/editor/#/). UPGMA trees were visualized in iTOL (v6.5.8, https://itol.embl.de/) and internal colors added via INKSCAPE (v0.92.3-1, https://inkscape.org/).