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. 2022 Nov 6;12:18832. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-23287-6

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© The Author(s) 2022, corrected publication 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Characterization of bacterial communities of worker gut samples. (a) Cladogram of significantly enriched bacteria in each environment, from phylum to genus level, according to LEfSe. LEfSe cladogram results are plotted according to phylogeny. The outermost circle corresponds to the lowest taxonomic rank (genera, level to which ASVs were collapsed). From there, each circle equals a higher taxonomic rank, with phyla being the inner circle. Only significant taxa are plotted. (b) Spearman correlation analysis of the honey bee gut bacterial communities at p < 0.05. (c) Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) of samples according to the predictive functional profile. (d) Significantly expressed MetaCyc pathways (predicted functional profile) according to LEfSe. The bigger the LDA value obtained for a feature, the more significant. Only significant features are plotted in the histogram. (d) Nonoxipent: Pentose phosphate pathway I (non-oxidative branch), UMP syn I: UMP biosynthesis I, Pyr syn III: Pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides de novo biosynthesis III, Glucurocat: β-d-glucuronosides degradation, L-Arg syn III: l-arginine biosynthesis III (via N-acetyl-l-citrulline). Plotting: Cladograms and histograms of LEfSe results were plotted in Galaxy (web application, https://huttenhower.sph.harvard.edu/galaxy/) and taxa names cleaned with INKSCAPE (v0.92.3-1, https://inkscape.org/). PCoAs were plotted using Vega editor (v5.22.1, https://vega.github.io/editor/#/).