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. 2022 Nov 6;12:18832. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-23287-6

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© The Author(s) 2022, corrected publication 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Median relative abundances of bacterial and functional biomarkers showing intermediate values in the semi-natural location for gut, hive entrance and bee bread samples. The scales of the axes vary according to the relative abundance of the plotted feature. Biomarkers were defined as features with relative abundances significantly different across environments, according to LEfSe analysis (Kruskal–Wallis test p < 0.05, LDA > 3.0). (a) Bacterial biomarkers of guts, plus schematic of Spearman correlations (p < 0.05). (b) Predicted functional biomarkers in the gut. (c) Bacterial biomarkers of hive entrances, plus schematic of Spearman correlations (p < 0.05) for all environments. (d) Predicted functional biomarkers in the hive entrance. (e) Bacterial biomarkers in bee bread. Nonoxipent: Pentose phosphate pathway I (non-oxidative branch), L-Arg syn III: l-arginine biosynthesis III (via N-acetyl-l-citrulline), UMP syn I: UMP biosynthesis I, Pyr syn III: Pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides de novo biosynthesis III, Glucurocat: β-d-glucuronosides degradation. (d) Bifido shunt: Bifidobacterium shunt (hexose catabolism), TCA VII: TCA cycle VII (acetate-producers), L-Met syn I: l-methionine biosynthesis I, L-Met transS: l-methionine biosynthesis (transsulfuration), S-Adenosyl-l-Met: S-adenosyl-l-methionine biosynthesis, KDO Lipid A syn: (Kdo)2-lipid A biosynthesis, (5Z)-Dode syn I: (5Z)-dodecenoate biosynthesis I, Oleate syn IV: oleate biosynthesis IV (anaerobic), Mycolate syn: mycolate biosynthesis, LPS syn: lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, Denovopurine II: superpathway of purine nucleotides de novo biosynthesis II, Pyrimidine syn II: pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides de novo biosynthesis II, NAD sal III: NAD salvage pathway III (to nicotinamide riboside), Biotin syn: biotin biosynthesis I, Pyridoxal sal: pyridoxal 5′-phosphate biosynthesis and salvage, Pyridoxal syn I: pyridoxal 5'-phosphate biosynthesis I, tRNA processing: tRNA processing, 8-amino-7-oxo: 8-amino-7-oxononanoate biosynthesis I, PRPP: histidine, purine, and pyrimidine biosynthesis, ppGpp: ppGpp metabolism, gondoate syn: gondoate biosynthesis (anaerobic). Plotting: Schematics were done in INKSCAPE (v0.92.3-1, https://inkscape.org/) considering the results of Hmisc and corrplot packages.