. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Nov 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2022 Jun 27;23(11):1780–1786.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2022.05.025

Table 3:

Linear Probability Model Estimates of Nursing Home Characteristics Associated with Being in the Bottom Quartile of Antipsychotic, Benzodiazepine, or Opioid Prescribing to Residents with Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias, 2017

	Outcome

	Bottom Quartile of Antipsychotic Prescribing	Bottom Quartile of Benzodiazepine Prescribing	Bottom Quartile of Opioid Prescribing

	Coefficient (p-value)
Average age	11.91^***	5.98^***	0.90
Average age	(<0.001)	(<0.001)	(0.267)

% Black	4.07^***	10.79^***	6.75^***
% Black	(<0.001)	(<0.001)	(<0.001)

% Hispanic	−0.04	2.27^*	6.05^***
% Hispanic	(0.952)	(0.033)	(<0.001)

% other race	3.23^***	6.74^***	6.91^***
% other race	(<0.001)	(<0.001)	(<0.001)

% female	−0.73	−3.46^***	−5.57^***
% female	(0.237)	(<0.001)	(<0.001)

Acuity index	0.14	−0.88	−1.26
Acuity index	(0.797)	(0.190)	(0.067)

% Medicaid	−2.43^**	−1.33^*	0.51
% Medicaid	(0.001)	(0.012)	(0.215)

RN:RN+LPN ratio	1.14^*	1.78^**	2.56^*
RN:RN+LPN ratio	(0.035)	(0.005)	(0.017)

Hours of direct patient care	1.01	−0.24	−0.44
Hours of direct patient care	(0.050)	(0.635)	(0.446)

Occupancy rate	0.95^*	−0.36	−0.15
Occupancy rate	(0.050)	(0.387)	(0.861)

Total beds	−1.10	−0.55	0.95
Total beds	(0.099)	(0.532)	(0.295)

Alzheimer’s unit^†	−7.04^***	−4.66^***	1.57
Alzheimer’s unit^†	(<0.001)	(<0.001)	(0.232)

Multiple facilities^†	2.31^**	−0.03	−3.09^*
Multiple facilities^†	(0.005)	(0.967)	(0.031)

For-profit^†	−1.23	0.78	2.67
For-profit^†	(0.319)	(0.458)	(0.056)

Hospital-based^†	−3.32	−0.34	−5.26^**
Hospital-based^†	(0.105)	(0.895)	(0.003)

Number of facilities	13,151	13,151	13,151

Notes:

^***

p<0.001,

^**

p<0.01,

p<0.05.

ADRD: Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias; RN: registered nurse; LPN: licensed practical nurse. Estimates are based on linear probability models with state-clustered standard errors. Continuous variables are standardized and coefficients are in percentage points. State fixed effects are included but not reported. Prescribing outcomes are from 2017 pharmacy claims, resident characteristics (age, race/ethnicity, and gender) are from the Medicare Beneficiary Summary File, and NH characteristics are from LTCFocus.

^†

Variables are binary. Reference categories are NHs without an Alzheimer’s unit, NHs that are not part of a chain, not-for-profit NHs, and NHs that are not hospital-based.