Table I.
Baseline characteristics of patients.
| Variable | Constrained liner (n = 22) | Matched unconstrained (n = 44) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient demographics | |||||
| Age: years (mean, SD) | 69.1 | 8.3 | 69.1 | 8.2 | 1.000 |
| Sex: male (n, %) | 7 | 31.8 | 14 | 31.8 | 1.000 |
| BMI: kg/m2 (mean, SD) | 32.4 | 7.3 | 29.9 | 4.8 | .100 |
| Dominant arm: yes (n, %) | 11 | 50.0 | 22 | 50.0 | 1.000 |
| Tobacco use: yes (n, %) | 1 | 4.5 | 2 | 4.5 | 1.000 |
| Diabetes: yes (n, %) | 2 | 9.1 | 2 | 4.5 | .466 |
| Surgical indications | |||||
| Rotator cuff tear arthropathy (n, %) | 14 | 63.6 | 26 | 59.1 | .722 |
| Glenohumeral osteoarthritis (n, %) | 4 | 18.2 | 10 | 22.7 | .670 |
| Irreparable rotator cuff tear (n, %) | 4 | 18.2 | 8 | 18.2 | 1.000 |
| Implant variables | |||||
| Glenosphere diameter | |||||
| 33 mm (n, %) | 7 | 31.8 | 14 | 31.8 | 1.000 |
| 36 mm (n, %) | 6 | 27.3 | 12 | 27.3 | 1.000 |
| 39 mm (n, %) | 6 | 27.3 | 12 | 27.3 | 1.000 |
| 42 mm (n, %) | 3 | 13.6 | 6 | 13.6 | 1.000 |
| Glenoid metallic lateralization | |||||
| 0 mm (n, %) | 2 | 9.1 | 4 | 9.1 | 1.000 |
| 2 mm (n, %) | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1.000 |
| 4 mm (n, %) | 11 | 50.0 | 22 | 50.0 | 1.000 |
| 6 mm (n, %) | 4 | 18.2 | 8 | 18.2 | 1.000 |
| 8 mm (n, %) | 5 | 22.7 | 10 | 22.7 | 1.000 |
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline PROs and ROM | |||||
| VAS pain | 1.0 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 2.5 | .493 |
| ASES | 78.7 | 14.4 | 82.2 | 20.5 | .477 |
| WOOS | 81.4 | 19.0 | 84.1 | 21.3 | .617 |
| SANE | 76.5 | 24.1 | 77.3 | 23.9 | .899 |
| VR-12 mental | 46.7 | 11.2 | 54.5 | 8.3 | .002 |
| Constant | 25.6 | 14.4 | 31.8 | 15.2 | .117 |
| Active FF (degrees) | 81 | 41 | 92 | 36 | .268 |
| Active ER at Side (degrees) | 23 | 19 | 30 | 21 | .193 |
| Active ER at 90 (degrees) | 19 | 27 | 25 | 28 | .410 |
| Active IR (spinal level) | Sacrum | 3 | L5 | 2 | .112 |
| Active IR (at 90 abd) | 18 | 22 | 21 | 23 | .614 |
| Baseline strength measures | |||||
| Constant-Murley (kg) | 1.45 | 4.35 | 2.09 | 1.86 | .409 |
| External rotation strength (kg) | 2.49 | 1.18 | 3.31 | 2.27 | .119 |
| Belly press strength (kg) | 2.77 | 1.72 | 3.45 | 1.77 | .142 |
BMI, body mass index; PROs, patient-reported outcomes; ROM, range of motion; SD, standard deviation; VAS, visual analog scale; ASES, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons; WOOS, Western Ontario Osteoarthris of the Shoulder; SANE, single assessment numeric evaluation; FF, forward flexion; ER, external rotation; IR, internal rotation.