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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biol Psychiatry. 2022 Jun 22;92(11):861–870. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.06.018

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Visual representation of dose-response associations between persistence of cannabis, alcohol, and tobacco use from age 18-45 and global measures of midlife brain structure. Standardized betas are shown with adjustment for sex only, and with adjustment for sex and persistent dependence on other substances (for each of the three substances, this included persistence of dependence on the other two substances, as well as persistent dependence on other illicit drugs). Filled circles indicate p<.05 after FDR correction across 6 measures. CT=cortical thickness, SA=surface area, TBV=total brain volume, FA=fractional anisotropy, WMH=white matter hyperintensities, BrainAGE=difference between age estimated from MRI data and actual chronological age.