TABLE 2.
Medical conditions by age group
| All | By age group | p‐value | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 18–19 | 20–24 | 25–29 | 30–34 | 35–39 | 40+ | ||||||||||
| (N = 4657) | (N = 353) | (N = 863) | (N = 874) | (N = 744) | (N = 614) | (N = 1209) | |||||||||
| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
| Birth defects | |||||||||||||||
| Skeletal | 91 | 2.0 | 6 | 1.7 | 10 | 1.2 | 18 | 2.1 | 10 | 1.3 | 16 | 2.6 | 31 | 2.6 | 0.15 |
| Craniofacial | 23 | 0.5 | 3 | 0.8 | 1 | 0.1 | 2 | 0.2 | 3 | 0.4 | 6 | 1.0 | 8 | 0.7 | 0.14 |
| Involving CNS (spina bifda, brain malformation) | 36 | 0.8 | 1 | 0.3 | 1 | 0.1 | 7 | 6 | 0.8 | 6 | 1.0 | 15 | 1.2 | 0.08 | |
| Thorax (heart and lung) | 57 | 1.2 | 5 | 1.4 | 5 | 0.6 | 12 | 1.3 | 7 | 0.9 | 8 | 1.3 | 20 | 1.7 | 0.35 |
| Gastrointestinal system | 29 | 0.6 | 1 | 0.3 | 3 | 0.3 | 6 | 0.7 | 3 | 0.4 | 9 | 1.5 | 7 | 0.6 | 0.09 |
| Urogenital | 15 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 0.2 | 1 | 0.1 | 2 | 0.3 | 4 | 0.7 | 6 | 0.5 | 0.32 |
| Any of the above | 197 | 4.2 | 16 | 4.5 | 21 | 2.4 | 38 | 4.3 | 27 | 3.6 | 35 | 5.7 | 60 | 5.0 | 0.03 |
| Birth or pregnancy complications | |||||||||||||||
| Premature births (delivery before 37 weeks) | 334 | 7.2 | 26 | 7.4 | 59 | 6.8 | 75 | 8.6 | 61 | 8.2 | 40 | 6.5 | 73 | 6.0 | 0.25 |
| Intraventricular hemorrhage | 13 | 0.3 | 2 | 0.6 | 3 | 0.3 | 5 | 0.6 | 1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 0.2 | 0.24 |
| Insufficient O2 at birth with NICU stay | 164 | 3.5 | 13 | 3.7 | 34 | 3.9 | 38 | 4.3 | 24 | 3.2 | 24 | 3.9 | 31 | 2.6 | 0.31 |
| Any of the above | 418 | 9.0 | 33 | 9.3 | 74 | 8.6 | 95 | 10.9 | 73 | 9.8 | 54 | 8.8 | 89 | 7.4 | 0.13 |
| Cognitive functioning | |||||||||||||||
| Cognitive delays or impairment due to another medical condition or exposure (e.g., brain injury, stroke, lead poisoning, FAS, HIV, radiation, hydrocephalus, brain tumor, drug effects, etc.) | 272 | 5.8 | 8 | 2.3 | 49 | 5.7 | 46 | 5.3 | 39 | 5.2 | 39 | 6.4 | 91 | 7.5 | 0.007 |
| Intellectual disability, cognitive impairment, global developmental delay, or borderline intellectual functioning | 283 | 6.1 | 26 | 7.4 | 67 | 7.8 | 67 | 7.7 | 47 | 6.3 | 33 | 5.4 | 43 | 3.6 | <0.001 |
| Any of the above | 484 | 10.4 | 29 | 8.2 | 101 | 11.7 | 100 | 11.4 | 77 | 9.9 | 63 | 10.3 | 114 | 9.4 | 0.34 |
| Developmental delays & disorders | |||||||||||||||
| Language delay or disorder | 618 | 13.3 | 51 | 14.4 | 144 | 16.7 | 151 | 17.3 | 101 | 13.6 | 66 | 10.7 | 105 | 8.7 | <0.001 |
| Mutism | 66 | 1.4 | 1 | 0.3 | 16 | 1.9 | 15 | 1.7 | 7 | 0.9 | 9 | 1.5 | 18 | 1.5 | 0.28 |
| Speech articulation problems | 562 | 12.1 | 50 | 14.2 | 115 | 13.3 | 121 | 13.8 | 97 | 13.0 | 63 | 10.3 | 116 | 9.6 | 0.011 |
| Learning disability (LD, learning disorder, including reading, written expression, math, or NVLD [Nonverbal learning disability]) | 973 | 20.9 | 69 | 19.5 | 212 | 24.6 | 205 | 23.5 | 178 | 23.9 | 131 | 21.3 | 178 | 14.7 | <0.001 |
| Motor delay (e.g., delay in walking) or developmental coordination disorder | 306 | 6.6 | 27 | 7.6 | 71 | 8.2 | 76 | 8.7 | 42 | 5.6 | 38 | 6.2 | 52 | 4.3 | <0.001 |
| Any of the above | 1410 | 30.3 | 107 | 30.3 | 314 | 36.4 | 317 | 36.3 | 233 | 31.3 | 175 | 28.5 | 264 | 21.8 | <0.001 |
| Sleep problems diagnosed by a professional | |||||||||||||||
| Sleep disorder or problem | 1238 | 26.6 | 63 | 17.8 | 189 | 21.9 | 218 | 24.9 | 210 | 28.2 | 181 | 29.5 | 377 | 31.2 | <0.001 |
| Neurological conditions | |||||||||||||||
| Seizure disorder or epilepsy | 299 | 6.4 | 16 | 4.5 | 60 | 7.0 | 71 | 8.1 | 46 | 6.2 | 44 | 7.2 | 62 | 5.1 | 0.057 |
| Traumatic brain injury (hospitalized) | 111 | 2.4 | 4 | 1.1 | 12 | 1.4 | 22 | 2.5 | 15 | 2.0 | 13 | 2.1 | 45 | 3.7 | 0.007 |
| Brain infection such as bacterial meningitis, encephalitis | 41 | 0.9 | 3 | 0.8 | 4 | 0.5 | 4 | 0.5 | 9 | 1.2 | 6 | 1.0 | 15 | 1.2 | 0.28 |
| Lead poisoning | 17 | 0.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 0.5 | 4 | 0.5 | 4 | 0.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 5 | 0.4 | 0.46 |
| Other neurological conditions | |||||||||||||||
| No | 4148 | 89.1 | 320 | 90.7 | 774 | 89.7 | 787 | 90.0 | 656 | 88.2 | 536 | 87.3 | 1075 | 88.9 | 0.45 |
| Yes | 509 | 10.9 | 33 | 9.3 | 89 | 10.3 | 87 | 10.0 | 88 | 11.8 | 78 | 12.7 | 134 | 11.1 | |
| Any of the above | 843 | 18.1 | 48 | 13.6 | 150 | 17.4 | 166 | 19.0 | 142 | 19.1 | 125 | 20.4 | 212 | 17.5 | 0.13 |
| Growth conditions | |||||||||||||||
| Short stature | 107 | 2.3 | 7 | 2.0 | 16 | 1.9 | 26 | 3.0 | 18 | 2.4 | 18 | 2.9 | 22 | 1.8 | 0.41 |
| Difficulty gaining weight | 64 | 1.4 | 2 | 0.6 | 19 | 2.2 | 12 | 1.4 | 15 | 2.0 | 4 | 0.7 | 12 | 1.0 | 0.035 |
| Obesity | 372 | 8.0 | 14 | 4.0 | 57 | 6.6 | 89 | 10.2 | 70 | 9.4 | 50 | 8.1 | 92 | 7.6 | 0.003 |
| Small head size (microcephaly) | 20 | 0.4 | 1 | 0.3 | 4 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.1 | 4 | 0.5 | 6 | 1.0 | 4 | 0.3 | 0.22 |
| Large head size (macrocephaly) | 49 | 1.1 | 2 | 0.6 | 10 | 1.2 | 13 | 1.5 | 2 | 0.3 | 8 | 1.3 | 14 | 1.2 | 0.2 |
| Other growth conditions | |||||||||||||||
| No | 4558 | 97.9 | 345 | 97.7 | 845 | 97.9 | 853 | 97.6 | 728 | 97.8 | 601 | 97.9 | 1186 | 98.1 | 0.99 |
| Yes | 99 | 2.1 | 8 | 2.3 | 18 | 2.1 | 21 | 2.4 | 16 | 2.2 | 13 | 2.1 | 23 | 1.9 | |
| Any of the above | 551 | 11.8 | 26 | 7.4 | 97 | 11.2 | 127 | 14.5 | 101 | 13.6 | 68 | 11.1 | 132 | 10.9 | 0.005 |
| Vision or hearing conditions | |||||||||||||||
| Deafness/hearing loss | 288 | 6.2 | 12 | 3.4 | 43 | 5.0 | 34 | 3.9 | 52 | 7.0 | 41 | 6.7 | 106 | 8.8 | <0.001 |
| Blindness | 39 | 0.8 | 3 | 0.8 | 11 | 1.3 | 13 | 1.5 | 3 | 0.4 | 2 | 0.3 | 7 | 0.6 | 0.051 |
| Cataract | 82 | 1.8 | 2 | 0.6 | 8 | 0.9 | 5 | 0.6 | 8 | 1.1 | 5 | 0.8 | 54 | 4.5 | <0.001 |
| Strabismus | 186 | 4.0 | 17 | 4.8 | 34 | 3.9 | 36 | 4.1 | 26 | 3.5 | 21 | 2.4 | 52 | 4.3 | 0.85 |
| Any of the above | 508 | 10.9 | 30 | 8.5 | 87 | 10.1 | 80 | 9.2 | 78 | 10.1 | 63 | 10.3 | 170 | 14.1 | 0.003 |