Table 2.
Risk of bias/quality assessment.
| First author (publication year) | Bias due to confounding | Bias in selection of participants into the study | Bias in classification of exposures | Bias due to departures from intended exposures | Bias due to missing data | Bias in measurement of outcomes | Bias in selection of the reported result | Study-level RoB judgement |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bijnsdorp (2022)37 | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| Cameron (2008)41 | Serious | Low | Serious | Serious | Low | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| Chesley (2006)42 | Serious | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Serious | Serious |
| Choi (2006)40 | Serious | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| Ferrerira (2017)43 | Serious | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| Hajek (2018)38 | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| Heger (2017)44 | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Serious | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| Hirst (2005)45 | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Serious | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| Lacey (2019)39 | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| Mohanty (2019)46 | Serious | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| Oshio (2018)47 | Moderate | Low | Serious | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| Stratmann (2021)48 | Serious | Serious | Moderate | Serious | Serious | Low | Low | Serious |
| Turgeman-Lupo (2020)49 | Moderate | Serious | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| Item-level judgement | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Low |