Table 3.
Effect direction plot.36
| Study | Risk of bias | Caregiving exposure (compared to no care) | Effect measure | All (non-sex stratified) | Women | Men |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bijnsdorp (2022)37 | Moderate | Binary | B | ▾ | ▾ | |
| Lacey (2019)39 | Moderate | Categorical (long term 3+ yrs. and intermittent caring) | B | ▾ | ◂▸ | |
| Choi (2006)40 | Moderate | Categorical (biological parent and spousal care) | B | ▾ | ||
| Hajek (2018)38 | Moderate | Binary | B | ◂▸ | ||
| Cameron (2008)41 | Serious | Binary | B | ◂▸ | ||
| Mohanty (2019)46 | Serious | Binary | B | ▾ | ||
| Stratmann (2021)48 | Serious | Categorical (caregiving that limits carers life) | OR | ▾ | ||
| Turgeman-Lupo (2020)49 | Serious | Categorical (sandwich carers; children and elders) | B | ▾ | ||
| Heger (2017)44 | Serious | Categorical (any frequency) | B | ▾ | ▾ | |
| Hirst (2005)45 | Serious | Categorical (caregiving for 10-19hrs per wk./>20 hrs per wk.) | OR | ▾ | ◂▸ | |
| Oshio (2018)47 | Serious | Binary | B | ▾ | ||
| Chesley (2006)42 | Serious | Binary | B | ▾ | ||
| Ferrerira (2017)43 | Serious | Binary | OR | ▾ |
Key
Effect measure used: B = coefficient of linear regression; OR = odds ratio.
Effect direction: upward arrow ▴= positive mental health impact; downward arrow ▾= negative mental health impact; sideways arrow ◂▸= no change/mixed effects/conflicting findings.