Table 1.
Effects of flavones and flavonols on neuroinflammation.
| Compound | Model | Type of disease/disorder | Index | Pathway | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hispidulin | LPS-induced BV2 cells | Neuroinflammation | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators | inhibit Akt/STAT3/NF-κB pathway | (67) |
| Isovitexin | LPS-induced BV2 and mouse primary cortical microglia cells, LPS-induced mice | Neuroinflammation | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators ↑: M2 polarization |
promote CaMKKβ/AMPK-PGC-1α signaling pathway | (68) |
| Scutellarin | LPS-induced primary astrocytes, LPS-induced mice, LPS-induced rats | Neuroinflammation, depression | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators, GFAP, Iba-1 ↑: IL-4 |
inhibit TLR4/NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome | (69, 70) |
| Nobiletin | LPS-induced BV2 cells, LPS-induced mice and rats | Neuroinflammation, depression | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators, Iba-1 ↑: IL-10 |
promote AMPK pathway, inhibit MAPKs, Akt, NF-κB pathways and NLRP3 inflammasome | (71, 72) |
| APP/PS1 mice | AD | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators, GFAP | inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome | (73) | |
| Isoorientin | APP/PS1 mice | AD | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators, Iba-1 | inhibit NF-κB pathway | (74) |
| Diosmin | rotenone-induced rats | PD | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators | inhibit NF-κB pathway | (75) |
| Mulberrin | LPS-induced BV2 cells, MPTP-induced rats | PD | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators, Iba-1, GFAP | promote Wnt/β-catenin pathway | (76) |
| Diosmetin | Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced bacterial meningitis in rats | Bacterial meningitis | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators | inhibit PI3k/Akt/NF-κB pathway | (77) |
| Wogonin | Kainate-induced temporal lobe epilepsy in rat | Epilepsy | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators | inhibit NF-κB pathway | (78) |
| Apigenin | Acrylonitrile-induced neurotoxicity in rats | Neurotoxicity | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators, Caspase-3, Caspase-9, Bax ↑: Bcl-2 |
inhibit HMGB-1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway | (79) |
| Luteoloside | MCAO-induced rats | Ischemic stroke | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators | regulate PPARγ/Nrf2/NF-κB pathway | (80) |
| Tangeretin | MACO-induced rats | Ischemic stroke | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators ↑: anti-inflammatory mediators |
inhibit TLR4/NF-κB pathway | (81) |
| Troxerutin | I/R-induced rats | Ischemic stroke | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators ↑: anti-inflammatory mediators |
inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome | (82) |
| LPS-induced rats | Neuroinflammation | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators | promote SIRT1/SIRT3 pathway and inhibit NF-κB pathway | (83) | |
| Myricetin | LPS-induced BV2 cells, LPS-induced mice | Neuroinflammation | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators, Iba-1 | inhibit MAPKs pathway | (84) |
| Myricitrin | LPS-stimulated mice | Neuroinflammation | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators | inhibit MAPKs and TLR4/HMGB1/NF-κB pathways | (85) |
| Cecal ligation and puncture-induced rats | Sepsis-associated encephalopathy | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators, NLRP3 | inhibit NF-κB and NLRP3 pathways | (86) | |
| Fisetin | Cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis-associated encephalopathy in rats | Sepsis-associated encephalopathy | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators | inhibit NF-κB pathway | (87) |
| Morin hydrate | Chronic unpredictable stress-induced mice | Memory impairment | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators | inhibit NF-κB pathway | (88) |
| Quercitrin | LPS-induced mice | Depressive | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators | inhibit PI3k/Akt/NF-κB pathway, promote CREB/BDNF pathway | (89) |
| Isorhamnetin | High-fat and high fructose diet-induced mice | Metabolic syndrome-related cognitive complications | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators, MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9, Iba-1 | inhibit NF-κB and MAPKs pathways | (90) |
“↑” indicates promotion, “↓” indicates inhibition.