Table 2.
Effects of flavanones, flavanonols, isoflavones, chalcones, dihydrochalcone and other flavonoids on neuroinflammation.
| Category | Compound | Model | Type of disease/disorder | Index | Pathway | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flavanones and flavanonols | 7-Methoxyflavanone | LPS-induced BV2 cells, LPS-induced mice | Neuroinflammation | ↓:pro-inflammatory mediators, Iba-1 | inhibit TLR4/MyD88/MAPKs pathway and activate Nrf2/NQO-1 pathway | (111) |
| Bavachin | LPS-induced BV2 cells or primary microglial cells | Neuroinflammation | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators ↑: anti-inflammatory mediators, M2 polarization |
inhibit TRAF6/NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome | (112) | |
| Liquiritin | LPS-treated mice | Depression | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators, Iba-1 | enhance FGF-2 expression | (113) | |
| Liquiritigenin | Aβ-treated N2a or BV2 cells, APP/PS1 mice | AD | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators, Iba-1, M1 polarization ↑: M2 polarization |
inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome | (114) | |
| Didymin | ICH-induced mice | ICH | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators, MPO, Iba-1 | inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome | (115) | |
| Isoflavones | Isoformononetin | STZ-induced neuroinflammation in rats | Neuroinflammation | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators, GFAP, Iba-1 | inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB pathway | (116) |
| Biochanin A | LPS-stimulated BV2 cells | Neuroinflammation | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators, ROS | inhibit TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB, PI3k/Akt and ERK pathways | (117) | |
| Ononin | Aluminium chloride-provoked AD rats | AD | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators | inhibit NF-κB and MAPKs pathways, increase BDNF and PPAR-γ | (118) | |
| Chalcones and dihydrochalcones | Butein | LPS-induced co-culture of BV2 cells and SH-SY5Y cells | Neuroinflammation | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators ↑: cell viability |
inhibit NF-κB and MAPKs pathways | (119) |
| Isobavachalcone | LPS-induced BV2 cells, LPS-induced mice | Neuroinflammation | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators | inhibit TRAF6/NF-κB pathway and activate Nrf2/HO-1 pathway | (120) | |
| Xanthohumol | APP/PS1 mice | AD | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators | activate mTOR/LC3 pathway | (121) | |
| LPS-induced mice | Depression | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators, ROS, Iba-1, GFAP | inhibit NF-κB pathway and activate Nrf2/HO-1 pathway | (122) | ||
| Isoliquiritin | LPS plus ATP-induced primary microglia cells, LPS-induced mice and chronic social defeat stress-induced mice | Depression | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators | inhibit NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome | (123) | |
| Anthocyanidins | Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside | LPS-stimulated BV2 cells | Neuroinflammation | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators | inhibit NF-κB and MAPKs pathways | (124) |
| Biflavonoid | Agathisflavone | LPS- or IL-1β-induced co-culture of neuron and glial |
Neuroinflammation | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators, M1 polarization, Iba-1, GFAP, ↑: M2 polarization |
inhibit NF-κB pathway | (125) |
| Isoginkgetin | LPS-induced BV2 cells, LPS-induced depression in mice | Neuroinflammation, depression. | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators, ROS, Iba-1 | inhibit NF-κB and MAPKs pathways | (126) | |
| Ginkgetin | MACO-induced ischemic stroke in rats | Ischemic stroke | ↓: pro-inflammatory mediators | inhibit TLR4/NF-κB, and JAK2/STAT3 pathways | (127) |
“↑” indicates promotion, “↓” indicates inhibition.