Table 3.
Parameter estimates for the eight main models
| Standardized Coeff | Unstandardized Coeff | SE | Standardized Coeff | Unstandardized Coeff | SE | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1. Ex – A (W1-W3) and Insp (W1-W3) | Model 2. Ex – A (W1-W3) and Envy (W1-W3) | ||||||||
| Within | Ex – A (W1) ➔ Ex – A (W2) | .195** | .195** | .070 | Within | Ex – A (W1) ➔ Ex – A (W2) | .185** | .184* | .072 |
| Autoregressive paths | Ex – A (W2) ➔ Ex – A (W3) | .116 | .105 | .074 | Autoregressive paths | Ex – A (W2) ➔ Ex – A (W3) | .135 | .122 | .075 |
| Insp (W1) ➔ Insp (W2) | .120 | .120 | .078 | Envy (W1) ➔ Envy (W2) | .147 | .155 | .092 | ||
| Insp (W2) ➔ Insp (W3) | .095 | .082 | .077 | Envy (W2) ➔ Envy (W3) | .126 | .118 | .085 | ||
| Within | Ex – A (W1) ➔ Insp (W2) | .075 | .079 | .068 | Within | Ex – A (W1) ➔ Envy (W2) | .009 | .013 | .099 |
| Cross-lagged paths | Ex – A (W2) ➔ Insp (W3) | .004 | .003 | .068 | Cross-lagged paths | Ex – A (W2) ➔ Envy (W3) | -.044 | -.062 | .108 |
| Insp (W1) ➔ Ex – A (W2) | .136* | .130* | .060 | Envy (W1) ➔ Ex – A (W2) | .002 | .001 | .050 | ||
| Insp (W2) ➔ Ex – A (W3) | .168* | .145* | .064 | Envy (W2) ➔ Ex – A (W3) | -.002 | -.001 | .048 | ||
|
Within W1 correlation |
Ex – A (W1) with Insp (W1) | -.015 | -.008 | .034 |
Within W1 correlation |
Ex – A (W1) with Envy (W1) | .036 | .025 | .049 |
| Within | Ex – A (W2) | .056 | / | / | Within | Ex – A (W2) | .034 | / | / |
| R-square | Ex – A (W3) | .048 | / | / | R-square | Ex – A (W3) | .018 | / | / |
| Insp (W2) | .020 | / | / | Envy (W2) | .022 | / | / | ||
| Insp (W3) | .009 | / | / | Envy (W3) | .017 | / | / | ||
| Between | RI – Ex A with RI – Insp | .375*** | .125*** | .030 | Between | RI – Ex A with RI – Envy | .153* | .094* | .047 |
| Model 3. Ex – PL (W1-W3) and Insp (W1-W3) | Model 4. Ex – PL (W1-W3) and Envy (W1-W3) | ||||||||
| Within | Ex – PL (W1) ➔ Ex – PL (W2) | .055 | .064 | .101 | Within | Ex – PL (W1) ➔ Ex – PL (W2) | .025 | .029 | .109 |
| Autoregressive paths | Ex – PL (W2) ➔ Ex – PL (W3) | .209** | .193** | .068 | Autoregressive paths | Ex – PL (W2) ➔ Ex – PL (W3) | .223** | .206** | .068 |
| Insp (W1) ➔ Insp (W2) | .120 | .121 | .079 | Envy (W1) ➔ Envy (W2) | .155 | .164 | .089 | ||
| Insp (W2) ➔ Insp (W3) | .130 | .112 | .078 | Envy (W2) ➔ Envy (W3) | .123 | .115 | .084 | ||
| Within | Ex – PL (W1) ➔ Insp (W2) | .181* | .294* | .117 | Within | Ex – PL (W1) ➔ Envy (W2) | .038 | .089 | .175 |
| Cross-lagged paths | Ex – PL (W2) ➔ Insp (W3) | -.067 | -.082 | .087 | Cross-lagged paths | Ex – PL (W2) ➔ Envy (W3) | .072 | .135 | .138 |
| Insp (W1) ➔ Ex – PL (W2) | .050 | .036 | .048 | Envy (W1) ➔ Ex – PL (W2) | .062 | .033 | .041 | ||
| Insp (W2) ➔ Ex – PL (W3) | .114 | .076 | .047 | Envy (W2) ➔ Ex – PL (W3) | -.063 | -.029 | .035 | ||
|
Within W1 correlation |
Ex – PL (W1) with Insp (W1) | .091 | .031 | .025 |
Within W1 correlation |
Ex – PL (W1) with Envy (W1) | .112 | .051 | .035 |
| Within | Ex – PL (W2) | .006 | / | / | Within | Ex – PL (W2) | .005 | / | / |
| R-square | Ex – PL (W3) | .067 | / | / | R-square | Ex – PL (W3) | .050 | / | / |
| Insp (W2) | .051 | / | / | Envy (W2) | .027 | / | / | ||
| Insp (W3) | .018 | / | / | Envy (W3) | .023 | / | / | ||
| Between | RI – Ex PL with RI – Insp | .330*** | .091*** | .023 | Between | RI – Ex PL with RI – Envy | .162* | .084* | .035 |
| Model 5. Ex – A (W1-W3) and SC (W1-W3) and Insp (W1-W3) | Model 6. Ex – A (W1-W3) and SC (W1-W3) and Envy (W1-W3) | ||||||||
| Within | Ex – A (W1) ➔ Ex – A (W2) | .198** | .197** | .070 | Within | Ex – A (W1) ➔ Ex – A (W2) | .191** | .190* | .074 |
| Autoregressive paths | Ex – A (W2) ➔ Ex – A (W3) | .116 | .105 | .086 | Autoregressive paths | Ex – A (W2) ➔ Ex – A (W3) | .127 | .115 | .088 |
| SC (W1) ➔ SC (W2) | .163 | .166 | .086 | SC (W1) ➔ SC (W2) | .100 | .103 | .089 | ||
| SC (W2) ➔ SC (W3) | .058 | .059 | .106 | SC (W2) ➔ SC (W3) | .030 | .031 | .099 | ||
| Insp (W1) ➔ Insp (W2) | .083 | .083 | .100 | Envy (W1) ➔ Envy (W2) | .147 | .153 | .103 | ||
| Insp (W2) ➔ Insp (W3) | .088 | .076 | .096 | Envy (W2) ➔ Envy (W3) | .055 | .051 | .095 | ||
| Within | Ex – A (W1) ➔ Insp (W2) | .075 | .078 | .069 | Within | Ex – A (W1) ➔ Envy (W2) | .008 | .012 | .101 |
| Cross-lagged paths | Ex – A (W2) ➔ Insp (W3) | .033 | .030 | .071 | Cross-lagged paths | Ex – A (W2) ➔ Envy (W3) | -.090 | -.126 | .105 |
| Ex – A (W1) ➔ SC (W2) | -.006 | -.011 | .124 | Ex – A (W1) ➔ SC (W2) | -.022 | -.040 | .124 | ||
| Ex – A (W2) ➔ SC (W3) | .068 | .129 | .149 | Ex – A (W2) ➔ SC (W3) | .068 | .130 | .143 | ||
| SC (W1) ➔ Insp (W2) | .116 | .066 | .047 | SC (W1) ➔ Envy (W2) | .037 | .031 | .067 | ||
| SC (W2) ➔ Insp (W3) | -.138 | -.068 | .045 | SC (W2) ➔ Envy (W3) | .186* | .143* | .063 | ||
| Insp (W1) ➔ Ex – A (W2) | .121 | .117 | .063 | Envy (W1) ➔ Ex – A (W2) | -.029 | -.020 | .049 | ||
| Insp (W2) ➔ Ex – A (W3) | .169* | .148* | .075 | Envy (W2) ➔ Ex – A (W3) | -.012 | -.007 | .049 | ||
| Insp (W1) ➔ SC (W2) | .058 | .102 | .141 | Envy (W1) ➔ SC (W2) | .140 | .117 | .093 | ||
| Insp (W2) ➔ SC (W3) | .031 | .056 | .145 | Envy (W2) ➔ SC (W3) | .083 | .106 | .111 | ||
| SC (W1) ➔ Ex – A (W2) | .135* | .075* | .036 | SC (W1) ➔ Ex – A (W2) | .143* | .081* | .036 | ||
| SC (W2) ➔ Ex – A (W3) | -.001 | .000 | .038 | SC (W2) ➔ Ex – A (W3) | .015 | .008 | .038 | ||
| Within | Ex – A (W1) with Insp (W1) | -.021 | -.011 | .033 | Within | Ex – A (W1) with Envy (W1) | .047 | .034 | .051 |
| W1 correlations | Ex – A (W1) with SC (W1) | -.005 | -.004 | .058 | W1 correlations | Ex – A (W1) with SC (W1) | -.027 | -.024 | .056 |
| Insp (W1) with SC (W1) | .110 | .102 | .072 | Envy (W1) with SC (W1) | .255** | .320** | .113 | ||
| Within | Ex – A (W2) | .074 | / | / | Within | Ex – A (W2) | .054 | / | / |
| R-square | Ex – A (W3) | .049 | / | / | R-square | Ex – A (W3) | .017 | / | / |
| Insp (W2) | .028 | / | / | Envy (W2) | .026 | / | / | ||
| Insp (W3) | .024 | / | / | Envy (W3) | .046 | / | / | ||
| SC (W2) | .032 | / | / | SC (W2) | .037 | / | / | ||
| SC (W3) | .011 | / | / | SC (W3) | .015 | / | / | ||
| Between | RI – Ex A with RI – Insp | .371*** | .126*** | .031 | Between | RI – Ex A with RI – SC | .351*** | .256*** | .059 |
| RI – Ex A with RI – SC | .339*** | .242*** | .061 | RI – Ex A with RI – Envy | .164 | .101* | .050 | ||
| RI – Insp with RI – SC | .330*** | .249*** | .067 | RI – SC with RI – Envy | .829*** | 1.135*** | .115 | ||
| Model 7. Ex – PL (W1-W3) and SC (W1-W3) and Insp (W1-W3) | Model 8. Ex – PL (W1-W3) and SC (W1-W3) and Envy (W1-W3) | ||||||||
| Within | Ex – PL (W1) ➔ Ex – PL (W2) | .032 | .038 | .127 | Within | Ex – PL (W1) ➔ Ex – PL (W2) | .004 | .004 | .140 |
| Autoregressive paths | Ex – PL (W2) ➔ Ex – PL (W3) | .214* | .200* | .085 | Autoregressive paths | Ex – PL (W2) ➔ Ex – PL (W3) | .223* | .209* | .087 |
| SC (W1) ➔ SC (W2) | .162* | .164 | .085 | SC (W1) ➔ SC (W2) | .101 | .103 | .087 | ||
| SC (W2) ➔ SC (W3) | .047 | .048 | .109 | SC (W2) ➔ SC (W3) | .019 | .020 | .102 | ||
| Insp (W1) ➔ Insp (W2) | .089 | .089 | .098 | Envy (W1) ➔ Envy (W2) | .145 | .151 | .099 | ||
| Insp (W2) ➔ Insp (W3) | .123 | .106 | .097 | Envy (W2) ➔ Envy (W3) | .050 | .047 | .094 | ||
| Within | Ex – PL (W1) ➔ Insp (W2) | .170* | .276* | .125 | Within | Ex – PL (W1) ➔ Envy (W2) | .040 | .094 | .184 |
| Cross-lagged paths | Ex – PL (W2) ➔ Insp (W3) | -.059 | -.071 | .104 | Cross-lagged paths | Ex – PL (W2) ➔ Envy (W3) | .052 | .098 | .134 |
| Ex – PL (W1) ➔ SC (W2) | -.050 | -.142 | .230 | Ex – PL (W1) ➔ SC (W2) | -.066 | -.187 | .237 | ||
| Ex – PL (W2) ➔ SC (W3) | -.008 | -.020 | .217 | Ex – PL (W2) ➔ SC (W3) | -.017 | -.043 | .212 | ||
| SC (W1) ➔ Insp (W2) | .113 | .066 | .047 | SC (W1) ➔ Envy (W2) | .059 | .050 | .064 | ||
| SC (W2) ➔ Insp (W3) | -.128 | -.064 | .045 | SC (W2) ➔ Envy (W3) | .186* | .144* | .063 | ||
| Insp (W1) ➔ Ex – PL (W2) | .026 | .019 | .056 | Envy (W1) ➔ Ex – PL (W2) | .058 | .030 | .040 | ||
| Insp (W2) ➔ Ex – PL (W3) | .119 | .080 | .053 | Envy (W2) ➔ Ex – PL (W3) | -.032 | -.015 | .040 | ||
| Insp (W1) ➔ SC (W2) | .056 | .098 | .139 | Envy (W1) ➔ SC (W2) | .161* | .203* | .092 | ||
| Insp (W2) ➔ SC (W3) | .049 | .087 | .149 | Envy (W2) ➔ SC (W3) | .107 | .134 | .115 | ||
| SC (W1) ➔ Ex—PL (W2) | .097 | .041 | .032 | SC (W1) ➔ Ex—PL (W2) | .072 | .030 | .033 | ||
| SC (W2) ➔ Ex—PL (W3) | -.085 | -.033 | .029 | SC (W2) ➔ Ex—PL (W3) | -.071 | -.027 | .030 | ||
| Within | Ex – PL (W1) with Insp (W1) | .066 | .022 | .026 | Within | Ex – PL (W1) with Envy (W1) | .118 | 054 | .038 |
| W1 correlations | Ex – PL (W1) with SC (W1) | .030 | .017 | .047 | W1 correlations | Ex – PL (W1) with SC (W1) | .018 | .010 | .047 |
| Insp (W1) with SC (W1) | .107 | .100 | .071 | Envy (W1) with SC (W1) | .275*** | .348** | .109 | ||
| Within | Ex – PL (W2) | .012 | / | / | Within | Ex – PL (W2) | .011 | / | / |
| R-square | Ex – PL (W3) | .070 | / | / | R-square | Ex – PL (W3) | .051 | / | / |
| Insp (W2) | .055 | / | / | Envy (W2) | .032 | / | / | ||
| Insp (W3) | .029 | / | / | Envy (W3) | .049 | / | / | ||
| SC (W2) | .033 | / | / | SC (W2) | .047 | / | / | ||
| SC (W3) | .005 | / | / | SC (W3) | .013 | / | / | ||
| Between | RI – Ex PL with RI – SC | .318*** | .196*** | .047 | Between | RI Ex – PL with RI Envy | .164* | .086* | .036 |
| RI – Ex PL with RI – Insp | .343*** | .098*** | .023 | RI Ex – PL with RI SC | .323*** | .203*** | .047 | ||
| RI – SC with RI – Insp | .329*** | .245*** | .067 | RI Envy with RI SC | .812*** | 1.106*** | .112 | ||
*** < .001; ** p < .01; * p < .05. For clarity, relations with control variables and correlations between error terms are not reported and significant relations are displayed in bold. For model 1 and 5, means were constrained. W1 = Wave 1, W2 = Wave 2, W3 = Wave 3. Ex—A = exposure to attractive appearances, Ex – PL = exposure to perfect lives, Insp = social media-induced inspiration, SC = social comparison
For meta-analyses on the within-person level with these data, please use the standardized coefficient estimates of the within-person cross-lagged paths for each of the models