Table 4.
Primary outcomes, change over time
| Scales | Time | Nao Group M,(SD) |
Control Group M,(SD) |
EM (SE) | 95% CI | Change over time | TimeX group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CARS – 2, M(SD) | |||||||
| Total score | 0 | 31.62 (6.52) | 27.50 (6.54) | 29.26 (.96) | 27.32–31.21 | F(1,34) = 37.11*** | p = .157 |
| 1 | 30.59 (6.10) | 26.95 (6.30) | 28.62 (.95) | 26.69–30.55 | |||
| NEPSY-2, M (SD) | |||||||
| Affect Recognition | 0 | 15.95 (6.66) | 20.28 (5.79) | 17.94 (1.00) | 15.77–20.11 | F(1,36) = 28.87** | p = .135 |
| 1 | 20.63 (7.25) | 22.65 (5.12) | 21.58 (1.03) | 19.47–23.69 | |||
| Theory of Mind Verbal | 0 | 10.05 (4.36) | 11.94 (5.30) | 10.84 (.82) | 9.17–12.51 | F(1,39) = 15.80*** | p = .354 |
| 1 | 12.21 (4.59) | 14.56 (5.02) | 13.26 (.85) | 11.59–14.93 | |||
| Theory of Mind Contextual | 0 | 3.00 (1.37) | 3.39 (1.57) | 3.10 (.26) | 2.52–3.63 | F(1,39) = 14.09*** | p = .206 |
| 1 | 3.42 (1.50) | 4.39 (1.03) | 3.86 (.22) | 3.41–4.31 | |||
| Theory of Mind Total | 0 | 13.05 (5.07) | 15.89 (6.82) | 13.93 (1.00) | 11.89–15.96 | F(1,34) = 24.14*** | p = .286 |
| 1 | 15.63 (5.22) | 18.94 (5.48) | 17.11 (.92) | 15.23–18.99 | |||
| Inhibition Total Errors | 0 | 22.92 (11.80) | 16.77 (13.91) | 20.93 (2.75) | 15.22–26.63 | F(1,27) = 8.24** | p = .081 |
| 1 | 17.62 (16.79) | 11.62 (13.64) | 13.53 (2.42) | 8.54–18.52 | |||
| Shapes Total Errors | 0 | 10.38 (5.59) | 7.23 (6.99) | 9.41 (1.25) | 6.83–11.99 | F(1,27) = 6.41* | p = .565 |
| 1 | 5.92 (4.19) | 4.69 (7.18) | 5.97 (1.07) | 3.74–8.16 | |||
| Arrows Total Errors | 0 | 11.62 (8.52) | 9.38 (7.91) | 10.89 (1.49) | 7.83–13.95 | p = .297 | p = .923 |
| 1 | 10.92 (6.89) | 6.89 (9.35) | 9.50 (1.57) | 6.30–12.70 | |||
| Inhibition/Naming Completion Time | 0 | 79.79 (30.45) | 83.67 (25.06) | 79.10 (7.36) | 64.10–94.10 | p = .132 | p = .953 |
| 1 | 71.07 (25.04) | 81.79 (25.53) | 67.26 (4.84) | 57.46–77.07 | |||
| Inhibition/Naming Combined Scaled | 0 | 7.62 (2.68) | 7.87 (3.46) | 7.56 (.59) | 6.34–8.78 | F(1,24) = 5.87** | p = .865 |
| 1 | 9.31 (2.86) | 9.00 (3.14) | 8.73 (.52) | 7.67–9.79 | |||
| Inhibition/Inhibition Completion Time | 0 | 111.31 (61.73) | 90.50 (25.06) | 101.99 (10.08) | 80.72 -123.25 | p = .849 | F(1,28) = 5.71* |
| 1 | 107.08 (53.43) | 84.36 (16.17) | 100.27 (5.84) | 88.34 – 112.21 | |||
| Ιnhibition/Inhibition Combined Scaled | 0 | 6.92 (3.30) | 10.57 (4.21) | 8.16 (.77) | 6.55–9.76 | F(1,21) = 12.12** | F(1,30) = 5.92* |
| 1 | 9.62 (3.33) | 11.93 (3.58) | 10.55 (.59) | 9.34–11.70 | |||
| Inhibition/Switching Completion Time | 0 | 150.17 (42.98) | 137.18 (41.69) | 119.53 (12.35) | 94.29 -144.77 | p = .865 | p = .490 |
| 1 | 143.08 (71.25) | 122.09 (41.84) | 117.51 (12.50) | 92.05 – 142.97 | |||
| Inhibition/Switching Combined Scaled | 0 | 6.17 (3.48) | 8.09 (4.15) | 6.79 (.79) | 5.12–8.41 | F(1,20) = 5.69* | F(1,25) = 6.38* |
| 1 | 7.08 (3.50) | 9.33 (4.33) | 8.53 (.69) | 7.10–9.96 | |||
| CBCL, M(SD) | |||||||
| Internalising problems | 0 | 59.27 (10.10) | 61.88 (13.87) | 62.61 (1.43) | 59.71–65.50 | F(1,39) = 5.66* | p = .975 |
| 1 | 59.54 (10.35) | 58.11 (16.94) | 58.41 (1.95) | 54.44–62.37 | |||
| Externalising problems | 0 | 56.31 (10.04) | 53.52 (14.15) | 54.31 (1.40) | 51.47–57.16 | F(1,39) = 4.66* | p = .663 |
| 1 | 54.13 (10.54) | 53.11 (14.41) | 52.69 (1.85) | 48.94–56.45 | |||
| Total problems | 0 | 61.52 (9.35) | 60.20 (8.27) | 60.51 (1.34) | 51.47–57.16 | F(1,39) = 4.34* | p = .096 |
| 1 | 58.47 (11.16) | 60.50 (8.36) | 51.96 (1.66) | 45.59–56.45 | |||
| SDQ | |||||||
| Peer Relationships | 0 | 3.86 (2.07) | 3.82 (2.12) | 3.84 (.32) | 3.49–4.79 | p = .386 | p = .466 |
| 1 | 3.95 (2.21) | 4.18 (2.45) | 4.04 (2.25) | 1.48–10.60 | |||
| Prosocial behaviour | 0 | 6.09 (2.20) | 4.76 (2.07) | 5.07 (.32) | 5.00–6.73 | F(1,39) = 3.05* | p = .098 |
| 1 | 6.72 (1.54) | 5.05 (2.41) | 6.62 (.35) | 5.90–7.34 | |||
| Total difficulties | 0 | 14.00 (4.24) | 14.15 (5.92) | 13.80 (.79) | 12.20–15.40 | p = .080 | p = .634 |
| 1 | 13.76 (4.88) | 12.15 (5.77) | 12.81 (.85) | 11.09–14.53 |
0 = Baseline; 1 = End of Treatment
***Significant at the .001 level **significant at the .01 level *significant at the .05 level