Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Variable | Total | Johns Hopkins | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frailty (No) | Frailty (Yes) | P-Value | ||
| N = 11,481,391 | N = 11,105,153 | N = 376,238 | ||
| Age—Mean ± SD | 48.98 ± 17.66 | 48.29 ± 17.24 |
69.55 ± 17.68 |
< 0.001 |
| Age—Median (IQR) | 48 (34–62) | 48 (34–61) | 73 (59–83) | < 0.001 |
| Sex—female | 5,860,456 (51.0%) | 5,649,930 (50.9%) | 210,526 (56.0%) | < 0.001 |
| Low-income neighborhood* | 4,621,197 (40.2%) | 4,444,729 (40.0%) | 176,468 (46.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Rural residence | 1,159,990 (10.1%) | 1,116,070 (10.1%) | 43,920 (11.7%) | < 0.001 |
| Dependency quintile | ||||
| Missing | 103,354 (0.9%) | 99,145 (0.9%) | 4,209 (1.1%) | < 0.001 |
| 1 (lowest) | 2,977,367 (25.9%) | 2,918,230 (26.3%) | 59,137 (15.7%) | |
| 2 | 2,313,886 (20.2%) | 2,251,327 (20.3%) | 62,559 (16.6%) | |
| 3 | 2,018,602 (17.6%) | 1,955,697 (17.6%) | 62,905 (16.7%) | |
| 4 | 1,952,523 (17.0%) | 1,880,807 (16.9%) | 71,716 (19.1%) | |
| 5 (highest) | 2,115,659 (18.4%) | 1,999,947 (18.0%) | 115,712 (30.8%) | |
| Material deprivation quintile | ||||
| Missing | 103,354 (0.9%) | 99,145 (0.9%) | 4,209 (1.1%) | < 0.001 |
| 1 (lowest) | 2,570,956 (22.4%) | 2,499,595 (22.5%) | 71,361 (19.0%) | |
| 2 | 2,364,542 (20.6%) | 2,293,489 (20.7%) | 71,053 (18.9%) | |
| 3 | 2,174,055 (18.9%) | 2,104,350 (18.9%) | 69,705 (18.5%) | |
| 4 | 2,118,834 (18.5%) | 2,044,215 (18.4%) | 74,619 (19.8%) | |
| 5 (highest) | 2,149,650 (18.7%) | 2,064,359 (18.6%) | 85,291 (22.7%) | |
| Ethnic concentration quintile | ||||
| Missing | 103,354 (0.9%) | 99,145 (0.9%) | 4,209 (1.1%) | < 0.001 |
| 1 (lowest) | 1,807,688 (15.7%) | 1,730,802 (15.6%) | 76,886 (20.4%) | |
| 2 | 1,884,975 (16.4%) | 1,812,303 (16.3%) | 72,672 (19.3%) | |
| 3 | 2,034,455 (17.7%) | 1,964,545 (17.7%) | 69,910 (18.6%) | |
| 4 | 2,408,304 (21.0%) | 2,336,338 (21.0%) | 71,966 (19.1%) | |
| 5 (highest) | 3,242,615 (28.2%) | 3,162,020 (28.5%) | 80,595 (21.4%) | |
| Residential instability quintile | ||||
| Missing | 103,354 (0.9%) | 99,145 (0.9%) | 4,209 (1.1%) | < 0.001 |
| 1 (lowest) | 2,383,434 (20.8%) | 2,331,693 (21.0%) | 51,741 (13.8%) | |
| 2 | 2,112,090 (18.4%) | 2,051,870 (18.5%) | 60,220 (16.0%) | |
| 3 | 2,048,370 (17.8%) | 1,980,924 (17.8%) | 67,446 (17.9%) | |
| 4 | 2,057,339 (17.9%) | 1,980,639 (17.8%) | 76,700 (20.4%) | |
| 5 (highest) | 2,776,804 (24.2%) | 2,660,882 (24.0%) | 115,922 (30.8%) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Diabetes | 1,360,392 (11.8%) | 1,241,463 (11.2%) | 118,929 (31.6%) | < 0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 752,294 (6.6%) | 703,679 (6.3%) | 48,615 (12.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 2,977,438 (25.9%) | 2,730,487 (24.6%) | 246,951 (65.6%) | <0 .001 |
| COPD | 876,684 (7.6%) | 780,382 (7.0%) | 96,302 (25.6%) | < 0.001 |
| Asthma | 1,651,591 (14.4%) | 1,581,377 (14.2%) | 70,214 (18.7%) | < 0.001 |
| Stroke | 44,598 (0.4%) | 26,462 (0.2%) | 18,136 (4.8%) | < 0.001 |
| Heart failure | 78,415 (0.7%) | 52,572 (0.5%) | 25,843 (6.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 91,583 (0.8%) | 74,052 (0.7%) | 17,531 (4.7%) | < 0.001 |
| PCI | 93,048 (0.8%) | 81,612 (0.7%) | 11,436 (3.0%) | < 0.001 |
| CABG | 36,189 (0.3%) | 28,783 (0.3%) | 7,406 (2.0%) | < 0.001 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 253,365 (2.2%) | 208,144 (1.9%) | 45,221 (12.0%) | < .001 |
| Valvular heart surgery | 19,549 (0.2%) | 15,497 (0.1%) | 4,052 (1.1%) | < 0.001 |
| TIA | 13,665 (0.1%) | 9,078 (0.1%) | 4,587 (1.2%) | < 0.001 |
| Liver disease | 38,281 (0.3%) | 30,694 (0.3%) | 7,587 (2.0%) | < 0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 28,991 (0.3%) | 22,080 (0.2%) | 6,911 (1.8%) | < .001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 256,839 (2.2%) | 203,140 (1.8%) | 53,699 (14.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 241,893 (2.1%) | 196,137 (1.8%) | 45,756 (12.2%) | < 0.001 |
| Cancer | 622,358 (5.4%) | 557,390 (5.0%) | 64,968 (17.3%) | < 0.001 |
*Low-income neighborhood is defined by lowest income quintile of 1 and 2; dependency: neighborhood concentrations of individuals have no income including seniors, children, and adults whose work is not compensated, material deprivation: neighborhood levels of income, quality of housing, educational attainment and family structure characteristics, ethnic concentration: neighborhood concentration of recent immigrants, and/or belonging to visible minority group as defined by statistics Canada
Residential instability: neighborhood concentration of types and density of residential accommodations and family structure characteristics
COPD chronic obstructive lung disease, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention, CABG coronary artery bypass grafting, TIA transient ischemic attack