Table 2.
Linear mixed model for covariates at T0 or T1, as an interaction between covariate and time (1, 3 and 12 months), for the recovery of participation levels
| Estimate (95% CI) | P value | |
| Baseline characteristics | ||
| Age | −0.03 (–0.08 to 0.02) | 0.29 |
| Sex | 0.72 (–0.32 to 1.76) | 0.17 |
| Number of comorbidities | 0.04 (–0.34 to 0.42) | 0.83 |
| Duration of inpatient rehabilitation | 0.03 (–0.00 to 0.06) | 0.07 |
| Coping style (UPCC) | −2.39 (–4.20 to –0.06) | 0.01* |
| ICU-stay specific parameters | ||
| Length of ICU stay | 0.02 (–0.01 to 0.06) | 0.21 |
| Duration of invasive mechanical ventilation | 0.02 (–0.02 to 0.05) | 0.37 |
| ICU-acquired weakness | −0.23 (–1.31 to 0.85) | 0.67 |
| Physical examination | ||
| Muscle strength | ||
| Mean muscle force (HHD) | −0.02 (–0.06 to 0.01) | 0.18 |
| 6MWT | −0.00 (–0.01 to 0.01) | 0.65 |
| Pulmonary function | ||
| FEV1 | −0.02 (–0.06 to 0.01) | 0.16 |
| FVC | −0.03 (–0.06 to 0.00) | 0.07 |
| FEV1/FVC ratio | 0.04 (–0.02 to 0.09) | 0.24 |
| Self-administered questionnaires | ||
| Breathlessness (MRC) | 0.60 (0.23 to 0.97) | <0.01* |
| Pain (NRS) | −0.03 (–0.28 to 0.23) | 0.84 |
| Fatigue (MFI) | 0.07 (0.03 to 0.09) | <0.01* |
| Perceived limitations in daily life (PROMIS 8b) | −0.11 (–0.12 to –0.05) | <0.01* |
| Anxiety (HADS-anxiety) | 0.17 (0.02 to 0.31) | 0.03* |
| Depression (HADS depression) | 0.19 (0.07 to 0.31) | <0.01* |
| Post-traumatic stress (GPS-PTSD-5) | 0.24 (–0.21 to 0.70) | 0.3 |
| Cognitive impairments (CLC-IC) | 0.09 (–0.07 to 0.24) | 0.27 |
*p<0.05.
CLC-IC, Checklist for Cognitive Consequences after an ICU-admission; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC, forced vital capacity; GPS, The Global Psychotrauma Screen—Post Traumatic Stress Disorder; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HHD, handheld dynamometer; ICU, intensive care unit; MFI, Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory; 6MWT, 6-minute walking test; NRS, Numerical Rating Scale; UPCC, Utrecht Proactive Coping Scale.