Table 3.
Prevalence (/100) of multimorbidity as >2 or >3 chronic conditions and comorbidity profiles in incident dementia cases and matched controls using the Jonckheere-Terpstra and the Cochrane-Armitage tests for trend from 2000 to 2021
| Study population | 2000–2003 | 2004–2007 | 2008–2011 | 2012–2016 | 2017–2021 | Trend test (p) |
| n | n | n | n | n | ||
| Patients with dementia | 338 | 454 | 564 | 653 | 1826 | |
| Matched controls | 258 | 763 | 1343 | 3575 | 5417 | |
| Mean age (SD) | ||||||
| Cases | 81 (7) | 80.5 (6.9) | 81.2 (6.8) | 81.4 (6.7) | 83.2 (6.9) | 0.0002 |
| Controls | 82.9 (6.9) | 83.8 (6.8) | 83.8 (6.9) | 84.1 (7) | 84.1 (6.7) | |
| Females, n (%) | ||||||
| Cases | 235 (69.5) | 302 (66.5) | 363 (64.4) | 403 (61.7) | 1175 (64.3) | 0.0807 |
| Controls | 174 (67.4) | 504 (66.1) | 885 (65.9) | 2293 (64.1) | 3500 (64.6) | |
| Multimorbidity prevalence (/100) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
| ≥2 chronic conditions | ||||||
| Cases | 283 (83.7) | 400 (88.1) | 495 (87.8) | 571 (87.4) | 1586 (86.9) | 0.5749 |
| Controls | 156 (60.5) | 443 (58.1) | 714 (53.2) | 2324(65) | 3461 (63.9) | <0.0001 |
| ≥3 chronic conditions | ||||||
| Cases | 218 (64.5) | 331 (72.9) | 426 (75.5) | 489 (74.9) | 1365 (74.8) | 0.0031 |
| Controls | 127 (49.2) | 354 (46.4) | 571 (42.5) | 1945 (54.4) | 2873(53) | <0.0001 |
| Comorbidity prevalence (/100) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter (K78) | ||||||
| Cases | 36 (10.7) | 76 (16.7) | 74 (13.1) | 110 (16.8) | 328(18) | 0.0011 |
| Controls | 37 (14.3) | 83 (10.9) | 142 (10.6) | 474 (13.3) | 788 (14.5) | 0.0004 |
| Hypertension (K86–87) | ||||||
| Cases | 97 (28.7) | 168(37) | 241 (42.7) | 280 (42.9) | 874 (47.9) | <0.0001 |
| Controls | 71 (27.5) | 220 (28.8) | 414 (30.8) | 1305 (36.5) | 2219(41) | <0.0001 |
| Heart failure (K77) | ||||||
| Cases | 20 (5.9) | 42 (9.3) | 44 (7.8) | 51 (7.8) | 149 (8.2) | 0.5506 |
| Controls | 41 (15.9) | 80 (10.5) | 121(9) | 287(8) | 432(8) | <0.0001 |
| Atherosclerosis (K92) | ||||||
| Cases | 53 (15.7) | 87 (19.2) | 108 (19.1) | 120 (18.4) | 348 (19.1) | 0.3585 |
| Controls | 45 (17.4) | 127 (16.6) | 161(12) | 484 (13.5) | 745 (13.8) | 0.1913 |
| Ischaemic heart disease (K74–K75–K76) | ||||||
| Cases | 48 (14.2) | 75 (16.5) | 89 (15.8) | 95 (14.5) | 222 (12.2) | 0.0163 |
| Controls | 44 (17.1) | 114 (14.9) | 199 (14.8) | 525 (14.7) | 571 (10.5) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | ||||||
| Cases | 37 (10.9) | 89 (19.6) | 106 (18.8) | 104 (15.9) | 370 (20.3) | 0.0032 |
| Controls | 39 (15.1) | 106 (13.9) | 175(13) | 632 (17.7) | 918 (16.9) | 0.0025 |
| Irritable bowel syndrome (D01–D93) | ||||||
| Cases | 20 (5.9) | 33 (7.3) | 35 (6.2) | 39 (6) | 110 (6) | 0.6156 |
| Controls | 13 (5) | 48 (6.3) | 61 (4.5) | 187 (5.2) | 305 (5.6) | 0.5952 |
| Asthma (R96) | ||||||
| Cases | 22 (6.5) | 36 (7.9) | 55 (9.8) | 77 (11.8) | 169 (9.3) | 0.1246 |
| Controls | 10 (3.9) | 42 (5.5) | 91 (6.8) | 338 (9.5) | 510 (9.4) | <0.0001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (R95) | ||||||
| Cases | 25 (7.4) | 42 (9.3) | 45(8) | 63 (9.6) | 163 (8.9) | 0.4734 |
| Controls | 30 (11.6) | 61 (8) | 99 (7.4) | 289 (8.1) | 444 (8.2) | 0.7069 |
| Osteoarthritis (L89–L90–L91) | ||||||
| Cases | 98(29) | 146 (32.2) | 182 (32.3) | 218 (33.4) | 543 (29.7) | 0.5957 |
| Controls | 56 (21.7) | 165 (21.6) | 299 (22.3) | 1024 (28.6) | 1459 (26.9) | <0.0001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease (K90–K91) | ||||||
| Cases | 45 (13.3) | 63 (13.9) | 74 (13.1) | 78 (11.9) | 263 (14.4) | 0.5344 |
| Controls | 30 (11.6) | 97 (12.7) | 99 (7.4) | 312 (8.7) | 493 (9.1) | 0.1027 |
| Malignancy (A79-Y78-N74-Y77-U76-T71-D76-D74-U77-U75-D75-R84-B74-S77-R85-D77-X76-W72-X75-X77) | ||||||
| Cases | 57 (16.9) | 64 (14.1) | 97 (17.2) | 115 (17.6) | 326 (17.9) | 0.1731 |
| Controls | 34 (13.2) | 120 (15.7) | 204 (15.2) | 670 (18.7) | 928 (17.1) | 0.063 |
| Chronic kidney disease | ||||||
| Cases | 39 (11.5) | 47 (10.4) | 56 (9.9) | 61 (9.3) | 160 (8.8) | 0.0717 |
| Controls | 27 (10.5) | 61(8) | 95 (7.1) | 149 (4.2) | 393 (7.3) | 0.4928 |
| Urinary incontinence (U04) | ||||||
| Cases | 19 (5.6) | 34 (7.5) | 48 (8.5) | 71 (10.9) | 207 (11.3) | <0.0001 |
| Controls | 14 (5.4) | 41 (5.4) | 71 (5.3) | 270 (7.6) | 396 (7.3) | 0.0053 |
| Parkinsonism (N87) | ||||||
| Cases | 15 (4.4) | 37 (8.1) | 32 (5.7) | 35 (5.4) | 86 (4.7) | 0.1178 |
| Controls | 11 (4.3) | 39 (5.1) | 48 (3.6) | 95 (2.7) | 146 (2.7) | 0.0004 |
| Lipid metabolism disorder (T93) | ||||||
| Cases | 60 (17.8) | 93 (20.5) | 155 (27.5) | 189 (28.9) | 469 (25.7) | 0.0018 |
| Controls | 23 (8.9) | 113 (14.8) | 204 (15.2) | 788(22) | 1230 (22.7) | <0.0001 |
| Back pain (L84–L86) | ||||||
| Cases | 51 (15.1) | 70 (15.4) | 95 (16.8) | 108 (16.5) | 333 (18.2) | 0.0681 |
| Controls | 28 (10.9) | 95 (12.5) | 202(15) | 755 (21.1) | 1033 (19.1) | <0.0001 |
| Osteoporosis (L95) | ||||||
| Cases | 39 (11.5) | 66 (14.5) | 82 (14.5) | 99 (15.2) | 249 (13.6) | 0.7307 |
| Controls | 29 (11.2) | 59 (7.7) | 109 (8.1) | 386 (10.8) | 571 (10.5) | 0.0197 |
| Eczema/dermatitis (S87–S88) | ||||||
| Cases | 39 (11.5) | 61 (13.4) | 86 (15.2) | 104 (15.9) | 193 (10.6) | 0.0812 |
| Controls | 31(12) | 74 (9.7) | 119 (8.9) | 509 (14.2) | 542(10) | 0.6173 |
| Psychiatric comorbidities | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%)* | n (%) |
| Psychotic disorders (P71–P72–P73) | ||||||
| Cases | 4 (1.2) | 16 (3.5) | 17(3) | 22 (3.4) | 133 (7.2) | <0.0001 |
| Anxiety disorder (P74) | ||||||
| Cases | 0 (0) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 21 (1.1) | 0.0008 |
| Depressive disorder (P76) | ||||||
| Cases | 6 (1.8) | 14 (3.1) | 21 (3.7) | 14 (2.1) | 88 (4.8) | 0.0052 |
*Patients with dementia=1848 (later analysis).