Figure 1.

The “hallmarks of cancer” proposed by Hanahan and Weinberg [20, 21]. a) The six hallmark capabilities originally proposed in 2000 together with the four additional hallmarks proposed in 2011. b) Although pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) shares several cancer capabilities, the degree of similarity varies. Furthermore, these capabilities can be markedly different to those observed in cancer; in particular, neither invasion nor metastasis has been observed in PAH. In addition, these features found in PAH also appear to contribute to the disease pathogenesis with different levels of importance.