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Inclusion and exclusion criteria
| Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria |
|---|---|
| Papers published in English and French | |
| New medical schools and rural hubs | Not medical education |
| Community-based medical schools | Not postgraduate education |
| Primary-care based medical schools | |
| Undergraduate medical curriculum | |
| Widening participation initiatives | |
| Early clinical contact | |
| Placement* | |
| Included date from 2011 to 2021 |
