Table 2.
Association between UPC and demographic characteristicsa
| Category | Model 1b (n = 381 474) | Model 2,c multiply adjusted (n = 381 474) | Model 3,d multiply adjusted (n = 381 474) | Model 4e (n= 128 337) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Coeff | (95% CI) | Coeff | (95% CI) | Coeff | (95% CI) | Coeff | (95% CI) | |
| Follow-up time in years | −0.015 | (−0.016 to −0.014) | −0.018 | (−0.019 to −0.017) | −0.018 | (−0.019 to −0.017) | −0.016 | (−0.018 to −0.015) |
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| ||||||||
| Total consultations | −0.001 | (−0.002 to −0.001) | −0.002 | (−0.002 to −0.002) | −0.002 | (−0.002 to −0.002) | −0.001 | (−0.001 to −0.001) |
|
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| Age, years (reference 18–29) | ||||||||
| 30–39 | 0.007 | (0.005 to 0.009) | 0.007 | (0.005 to 0.009) | 0.007 | (0.005 to 0.009) | 0.010 | (0.004 to 0.016) |
| 40–49 | 0.027 | (0.025 to 0.029) | 0.026 | (0.024 to 0.028) | 0.025 | (0.023 to 0.027) | 0.032 | (0.026 to 0.037) |
| 50–59 | 0.043 | (0.041 to 0.045) | 0.041 | (0.039 to 0.043) | 0.041 | (0.039 to 0.043) | 0.044 | (0.039 to 0.049) |
| 60–69 | 0.059 | (0.057 to 0.061) | 0.056 | (0.054 to 0.058) | 0.056 | (0.054 to 0.058) | 0.060 | (0.055 to 0.065) |
| 70–79 | 0.075 | (0.073 to 0.077) | 0.072 | (0.069 to 0.074) | 0.073 | (0.071 to 0.076) | 0.071 | (0.066 to 0.076) |
| ≥80 | 0.075 | (0.072 to 0.078) | 0.074 | (0.071 to 0.076) | 0.075 | (0.073 to 0.078) | 0.069 | (0.064 to 0.074) |
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| Female | −0.031 | (−0.033 to −0.029) | −0.027 | (−0.028 to −0.026) | −0.027 | (−0.028 to −0.026) | −0.020 | (−0.022 to −0.018) |
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| Area deprivation (reference Q1) | ||||||||
| Q2 | −0.003 | (−0.005 to −0.001) | −0.002 | (−0.004 to 0.000) | −0.002 | (−0.004 to 0.000) | −0.002 | (−0.006 to 0.001) |
| Q3 | −0.007 | (−0.009 to −0.005) | −0.003 | (−0.005 to −0.001) | −0.003 | (−0.005 to −0.001) | −0.003 | (−0.007 to 0.000) |
| Q4 | −0.013 | (−0.015 to −0.011) | −0.007 | (−0.009 to −0.005) | −0.007 | (−0.010 to −0.005) | −0.010 | (−0.014 to −0.006) |
| Q5 (most deprived) | −0.018 | (−0.020 to −0.015) | −0.009 | (−0.011 to −0.007) | −0.010 | (−0.012 to −0.007) | −0.010 | (−0.014 to −0.006) |
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| Ethnicity | ||||||||
| Bangladeshi | −0.040 | (−0.047 to −0.032) | −0.026 | (−0.033 to −0.019) | −0.025 | (−0.032 to −0.018) | −0.030 | (−0.045 to −0.015) |
| Pakistani | −0.022 | (−0.027 to −0.017) | −0.010 | (−0.014 to −0.005) | −0.009 | (−0.014 to −0.004) | −0.014 | (−0.024 to −0.004) |
| Indian | 0.000 | (−0.003 to 0.005) | 0.006 | (0.002 to 0.009) | 0.006 | (0.002 to 0.010) | 0.011 | (0.004 to 0.019) |
| Any other Asian background | −0.004 | (−0.008 to 0.001) | 0.004 | (−0.001 to 0.008) | 0.004 | (0.000 to 0.009) | 0.011 | (0.001 to 0.021) |
| Black African | −0.024 | (−0.028 to −0.019) | −0.016 | (−0.020 to −0.012) | −0.015 | (−0.019 to −0.011) | −0.010 | (−0.020 to 0.000) |
| Black Caribbean | −0.011 | (−0.016 to −0.006) | −0.013 | (−0.018 to −0.008) | −0.012 | (−0.017 to −0.007) | −0.015 | (−0.024 to −0.006) |
| Any other Black background | −0.026 | (−0.033 to −0.018) | −0.015 | (−0.023 to −0.008) | −0.015 | (−0.022 to −0.007) | −0.015 | (−0.033 to −0.003) |
| Chinese | 0.010 | (0.001 to 0.018) | 0.015 | (0.007 to 0.023) | 0.016 | (0.007 to 0.024) | 0.025 | (0.004 to 0.046) |
| Mixed | −0.016 | (−0.021 to −0.011) | −0.004 | (−0.009 to 0.001) | −0.004 | (−0.009 to 0.001) | 0.000 | (−0.011 to 0.011) |
| All other ethnic groups | −0.014 | (−0.019 to −0.009) | −0.005 | (−0.010 to 0.000) | −0.004 | (−0.006 to 0.001) | 0.009 | (−0.003 to 0.021) |
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| Long-term conditions | ||||||||
| Each additional long-term condition | 0.007 | (0.007 to 0.008) | −0.001 | (−0.002 to −0.001) | — | — | — | — |
| ≥2 physical long-term conditions | 0.021 | (0.019 to 0.022) | — | — | −0.007 | (−0.009 to −0.006) | — | — |
| ≥2 physical and mental long-term conditions | 0.018 | (0.016 to 0.020) | — | — | 0.008 | (0.006 to 0.010) | — | — |
| ≥2 mental long-term conditions | 0.026 | (0.011 to 0.041) | — | — | 0.027 | (0.012 to 0.041) | — | — |
a
Bold indicates P <0.05.
b
Model 1: includes follow-up time + number of consultations + GP practice random intercept + each covariate separately.
c
Model 2: includes follow-up time + number of consultations + GP practice random intercept + age + sex + area deprivation + number of long-term conditions + ethnicity.
d
Model 3: includes follow-up time + number of consultations + GP practice random intercept + age + sex + area deprivation + combination of long-term conditions + ethnicity.
e
Model 4: subgroup with ≥2 long-term conditions. CI = confidence interval. Coeff = coefficient. Q = quartile. UPC = Usual Provider of Care index.