EXHIBIT 3.

Cause-specific contributions (in years) to annual changes in life expectancy among US adult men and women, by educational attainment, 2000–05 and 2015–18

	High education		Low education
Causes of death	2000–05	2015–18	2000–05	2015–18
MEN
Alcohol use disorder	0.00	−0.01	0.00	−0.02
Liver disease and cirrhosis	0.03	−0.01	0.03	−0.02
Pancreatitis	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Suicide	0.01	−0.02	0.00	−0.08
Motor vehicle accident	0.03	0.02	0.00	−0.05
Unintentional injurya	0.02	−0.01	0.01	−0.02
IHD and ischemic stroke	0.98	0.05	0.54	−0.01
Hemorrhagic stroke	0.04	0.01	0.02	0.00
Hypertensive heart disease	0.00	−0.04	−0.03	−0.04
Diabetes mellitus	0.03	0.00	−0.02	−0.04
Cancer	0.13	0.04	0.02	0.01
Lower respiratory infections	0.01	−0.03	0.00	−0.03
Restb	1.17	0.28	0.23	−0.30
Total	2.45	0.31	0.80	−0.59
WOMEN
Alcohol use disorder	0.00	0.00	0.00	−0.01
Liver disease and cirrhosis	0.03	0.00	0.00	−0.02
Pancreatitis	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Suicide	0.00	0.00	−0.01	−0.02
Motor vehicle accident	0.03	0.01	0.00	−0.03
Unintentional injurya	0.03	−0.04	−0.02	−0.02
IHD and ischemic stroke	1.22	−0.10	0.52	0.01
Hemorrhagic stroke	0.07	0.00	0.02	0.00
Hypertensive heart disease	0.03	−0.07	−0.02	−0.03
Diabetes mellitus	0.06	−0.01	0.02	−0.01
Cancer	0.32	−0.01	0.10	0.00
Lower respiratory infections	0.01	−0.03	0.00	−0.03
Restb	1.96	−0.52	−0.06	−0.21
Total	3.77	−0.76	0.55	−0.38

SOURCE Authors’ analysis of mortality data from the National Vital Statistics System and population data from Current Population Surveys, 2000–18.

NOTES Education levels are defined in the notes to exhibit 1. Educational attainment is used here as an indicator of socioeconomic status. IHD is ischemic heart disease.

^aOther than motor vehicle accidents.

^bIncludes all remaining causes of death.