Table 2.
Impact of bacterial and/or fungal coinfections among ICU COVID-19 patients.
| Variable | Patient's outcomes | p value∗ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survived | Died | |||||
| Sex | Male | 42.9% | 53.8% | 0.466 | ||
| Female | 57.1% | 46.2% | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Age | Less than 29 years | 0.0% | 5.1% | 0.642 | ||
| 29–49 years | 14.3% | 5.1% | ||||
| 50–65 years | 0.0% | 15.4% | ||||
| 66–70 years | 14.3% | 7.7% | ||||
| More than 70 years | 71.4% | 66.7% | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Cause of coinfections | Fungi (sole) | 14.3% | 2.6% | 0.366 | ||
| Dual (bacterial and fungal coinfections) | 0.0% | 2.6% | ||||
| Bacteria | 85.7% | 94.9% | ||||
| Monobacterial | 0.0% | 24.3% | <0.001 | |||
| Multibacterial | 100.0% | 75.7% | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Antimicrobial susceptibility test | Antibiotic resistance | Yes | 28.6% | 51.3% | 0.149 | |
| No | 71.4% | 48.7% | ||||
| Resistance to antibiotics | Oxacillin resistance | Yes | 28.6% | 38.5% | 0.618 | |
| No | 71.4% | 61.5% | ||||
| Methicillin resistance | Yes | 14.3% | 15.4 | 0.268 | ||
| No | 85.7% | 84.6% | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Inflammatory biomarkers (mean ± SD) | Procalcitonin (g/dl) | 0.93 ± 0.47 | 22.77 ± 0.87 | 0.585 | ||
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 48.15 ± 0.36 | 95.88 ± 0.93 | 0.404 | |||
| Ferritin (ng/ml) | 838.18 ± 0.98 | 4230.96 ± 0.78 | 0.692 | |||
| D-dimer (ng/ml) | 607.00 ± 2.03 | 9200.40 ± 7.50 | 0.446 | |||
| White blood cells count (×109 cells/L) | 12.63 ± 5.12 | 18.73 ± 3.48 | 0.586 | |||
| Neutrophils counts (%) | 89.75 ± 1.26 | 81.48 ± 7.89 | 0.326 | |||
| Lymphocyte counts (%) | 5.50 ± 1.53 | 13.07 ± 2.54 | 0.356 | |||
|
| ||||||
| Site of coinfection | Upper respiratory infection | 28.6% | 13.0% | 0.171 | ||
| Lower respiratory infection | 14.3% | 24.1% | ||||
| Bacteremia | 42.9% | 63.0% | ||||
| Meningitis | 14.3% | 0.0% | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Total | 15.2% | 84.8% | — | |||
Normal range: procalcitonin: less than 0.5 ng/ml: low risk of severe sepsis, 0.5–2.0 ng/ml: clinical suspicion of sepsis, more than 2.0–10 ng/ml: high risk of severe sepsis, more than 10 ng/ml: high likelihood of septic shock; C-reactive protein: less than 5.0 mg/L; ferritin: male: 22–322 ng/ml, female: 10–291 ng/ml; D-dimer: less than 500 ng/ml; globulin: 2–3 g/dl; white blood cell count: 4.5–11 × 109/L; neutrophil count: 30–75%; lymphocytes: 20–40%. ∗Statistically significant at p < 0.05.