TABLE 2.
Comparisons Among Healthcare Workers by Nurse Versus Nonnurses and Risk Settings in Nurse Participants for SARS-CoV-2 Exposures and Testing and COVID-19 Infection, Appropriate Access to Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Healthcare Workers, and Healthcare Worker Well-Being
| Variable | Overall | All HCW participants | p | Nurse participants only | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nurses | Nonnurses | High risk | Low risk | ||||
| N = 24,343 | n = 8,606 | n = 15,737 | n = 2,794 | n = 5,812 | |||
| Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 virus, n (%) | |||||||
| Any exposure | 11,109 (48.3) | 4,563 (54.4) | 6,546 (44.8) | <.0001 | 1,951 (70.9) | 2,612 (46.4) | <.0001 |
| Exposed at workplace | 9,836 (42.8) | 4,207 (50.2) | 5,629 (38.5) | <.0001 | 1,901 (69.1) | 2,306 (40.9) | <.0001 |
| Exposed in community | 2,351 (10.2) | 790 (9.4) | 1,561 (10.7) | .0025 | 174 (6.3) | 616 (10.9) | <.0001 |
| Exposed at workplace among those reported any exposure | 9,836 (88.5) | 4,207 (92.2) | 5,629 (86.0) | <.0001 | 1,901 (97.4) | 2,306 (88.3) | <.0001 |
| SARS-CoV-2 viral test, n (%) | |||||||
| Ever tested (among overall) | 9,958 (40.9) | 3,493 (40.6) | 6,465 (41.1) | .4540 | 984 (35.2) | 2,509 (43.2) | <.0001 |
| Tested positive (among ever tested) | 940 (9.4) | 356 (10.2) | 584 (9.0) | .0592 | 100 (10.2) | 256 (10.2) | .9715 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody test, n (%) | |||||||
| Ever tested (among overall) | 4,055 (16.7) | 1,523 (17.7) | 2,532 (16.1) | .0013 | 462 (16.5) | 1,061 (18.3) | .0503 |
| Tested positive (among ever tested) | 466 (11.5) | 173 (11.4) | 293 (11.6) | .8371 | 44 (9.5) | 129 (12.2) | .1365 |
| SARS-CoV-2 viral or antibody test positive or physician diagnosis of COVID-19 (COVID-19 infection) | 1,562 (6.4) | 577 (6.7) | 985 (6.3) | .1751 | 154 (5.5) | 423 (7.3) | .0022 |
| Problem with access PPE—type of equipment | |||||||
| Filled out PPE questionnaire | 12,056 (49.5) | 4,659 (54.1) | 7,397 (47.0) | <.0001 | 1,654 (59.2) | 3,005 (51.7) | <.0001 |
| Respiratory mask (e.g., N95, KN95, or other), yes (%) | 3,042 (33.2) | 1,345 (35.1) | 1,697 (31.8) | .0010 | 574 (36.4) | 771 (34.1) | .1475 |
| Surgical mask, yes (%) | 1,827 (16.1) | 782 (17.4) | 1,045 (15.3) | .0032 | 295 (18.0) | 487 (17.1) | .4202 |
| Powered air purifying respirator, yes (%) | 1,322 (43.5) | 631 (43.6) | 691 (43.4) | .8851 | 331 (41.1) | 300 (46.9) | .0270 |
| Face shield/goggles, yes (%) | 2,039 (22.2) | 914 (23.4) | 1,125 (21.3) | .0155 | 360 (22.7) | 554 (23.8) | .4225 |
| Gloves, yes (%) | 586 (5.3) | 202 (4.5) | 384 (5.8) | .0025 | 67 (4.1) | 135 (4.7) | .3030 |
| Gowns, yes (%) | 1,873 (20.1) | 863 (21.4) | 1,010 (19.0) | .0037 | 363 (22.4) | 500 (20.8) | .2228 |
| Hand sanitizer, yes (%) | 1,767 (14.9) | 738 (16.0) | 1,029 (14.2) | .0051 | 260 (15.8) | 478 (16.2) | .7162 |
| Soap, yes (%) | 422 (3.6) | 177 (3.9) | 245 (3.4) | .1732 | 68 (4.1) | 109 (3.7) | .4774 |
| Cleaning/disinfecting products, yes (%) | 3,347 (28.9) | 1,520 (33.4) | 1,827 (25.9) | <.0001 | 639 (39.0) | 881 (30.3) | <.0001 |
| During the last day you were at work, for how many patients did you have to reuse the same N95/KN95 mask respirator or surgical mask when you would have otherwise used a new mask? | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||||
| All patients | 5,140 (42.7) | 2,399 (51.6) | 2,741 (37.1) | 989 (59.9) | 1,410 (47.0) | ||
| Most patients | 875 (7.3) | 316 (6.8) | 559 (7.6) | 136 (8.2) | 180 (6.0) | ||
| Some patients | 1,158 (9.6) | 425 (9.1) | 733 (9.9) | 178 (10.8) | 247 (8.2) | ||
| None (1 mask per patient) | 1,353 (11.2) | 533 (11.5) | 820 (11.1) | 205 (12.4) | 328 (10.9) | ||
| Did not have patient contact | 3,507 (29.1) | 977 (21.0) | 2,530 (34.3) | 143 (8.7) | 834 (27.8) | ||
| Missing (%) | 23 (0.2) | 9 (0.2) | 14 (0.2) | - | - | ||
| Had to reuse respirator or surgical masks for most or all patients, n (%) | 6,015 (50.0) | 2,715 (58.4) | 3,300 (44.7) | <.0001 | 1,125 (68.1) | 1,590 (53.0) | <.0001 |
| Healthcare worker well-being | |||||||
| Filled out Daily Impact Questionnaire | 12,703 (52.2) | 4,831 (56.1) | 7,872 (50.0) | <.0001 | 1,693 (60.6) | 3,138 (54.0) | <.0001 |
| (1) Did you have trouble sleeping last night? | 5,123 (40.4) | 2,187 (45.4) | 2,936 (37.4) | <.0001 | 814 (48.1) | 1,373 (43.9) | .0050 |
| (2) Did you feel physical pain a lot of the day yesterday? | 2,465 (19.4) | 1,121 (23.3) | 1,344 (17.1) | <.0001 | 430 (25.4) | 691 (22.1) | .0081 |
| (3) Did you worry a lot of the day yesterday? | 4,748 (37.5) | 1,952 (40.6) | 2,796 (35.6) | <.0001 | 716 (42.4) | 1,236 (39.6) | .0546 |
| (4) Did you feel sad a lot of the day yesterday? | 2,581 (20.4) | 1,107 (23.0) | 1,474 (18.8) | <.0001 | 418 (24.8) | 689 (22.1) | .0338 |
| (5) Did you feel angry a lot of the day yesterday? | 1,775 (14.0) | 736 (15.3) | 1,039 (13.2) | .0011 | 281 (16.6) | 455 (14.6) | .0621 |
| (6) Did you feel stress a lot of the day yesterday? | 6,415 (50.7) | 2,546 (52.9) | 3,869 (49.3) | <.0001 | 927 (54.9) | 1,619 (51.8) | .0372 |
| (7) Did you feel tired a lot of the day yesterday? | 6,787 (53.6) | 2,820 (58.6) | 3,967 (50.5) | <.0001 | 1,027 (60.9) | 1,793 (57.3) | .0163 |
| Number of indicators endorsed above positively | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 2.4 (2) | 2.6 (2.1) | 2.2 (2) | <.0001 | 2.7 (2.1) | 2.5 (2) | .0015 |
| 3 or more, n (%) | 5,502 (44.1) | 2,311 (48.8) | 3,191 (41.3) | <.0001 | 845 (50.8) | 1,466 (47.7) | .0442 |
| PROMIS measures | |||||||
| Filled out Global Health Scale Questionnaire | 12,440 (51.1) | 4,750 (55.2) | 7,690 (48.9) | <.0001 | 1,677 (60.0) | 3,073 (52.9) | <.0001 |
| T score—Global Physical Health, mean (SD) | 52.6 (7.1) | 51.7 (6.7) | 53.1 (7.3) | <.0001 | 51.7 (6.5) | 51.8 (6.8) | .7241 |
| T score—Global Mental Health, mean (SD) | 49.6 (8) | 49 (7.7) | 50 (8.2) | 49.3 (7.6) | 48.9 (7.7) | .0629 | |
| Filled out Depression Questionnaire | 6,710 (27.6) | 2,489 (28.9) | 4,221 (26.8) | .0005 | 864 (30.9) | 1,625 (28.0) | .0045 |
| T score—Depression | 52.7 (8.1) | 53.5 (8) | 52.1 (8) | <.0001 | 53.9 (8.2) | 53.3 (7.9) | .074 |
| Filled out Burnout Questionnaire | 6,668 (27.4) | 2,474 (28.7) | 4,194 (26.7) | .0005 | 856 (30.6) | 1,618 (27.8) | .0072 |
| Burnout (levels iii, iv, v) | 2,822 (42.4) | 1,138 (46.1) | 1,684 (40.2) | <.0001 | 451 (52.7) | 687 (42.5) | <.0001 |
Note. SD = standard deviation.