Fig. 1.

Tumor cell gene editing by pCas9-sgLDHA/F3 and activation of T cells. (A) Construction of the pCas9-sgLDHA lipoplex is illustrated. For pCas9-sgLDHA, the DNA sequence encoding sgLDHA was cloned into pCas9 plasmid DNA. pCas9-sgLDHA plasmid DNA was complexed to the cationic lipid nanoparticle to yield pCas9-sgLDHA lipoplexes. (B) Gene editing of tumor cells by pCas9-sgLDHA/F3 may cause LDHA gene knockout in tumor cells, leading to decreased lactate production. Reduced lactate in the tumor microenvironment decreases T cell immune suppression to increase T cell antitumor activity and inhibit tumor growth.