Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Author, date, country (ref) design. | Implementation setting | Target population | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adams J, 2020, USA (27). Pragmatic trial. | Urban clinic. | PLHIV, clinic patients (n = 954). | L&R |
| Cabral H, 2018, USA (28). RCT. | Urban clinic. | PLHIV from ethnic minorities (n = 348). | L&R; VS; Self-efficacy; HIV knowledge; HRQoL |
| Cataldo F, 2017, Malawi (29). Qualitative. | Urban and rural clinics and community health organisations. | Pregnant and breastfeeding women living with HIV (n = 24). | ART |
| Chang LW, 2015, Uganda (30). Randomised pragmatic trial. | Rural clinic. | Treatment naïve PLHIV (n = 442). | ART; L&R; HIV prevention. |
| Chevrier C, 2016, India (31). Qualitative. | Urban community health organisation. | PLHIV sex workers (n = 22) interventionists (n = 6) community organisation representatives (n = 12). | Health service engagement; community and social support engagement |
| Cunningham W, 2018, USA (32). RCT. | Urban, incarcerated and post release. | Men and trans women living with HIV being released from jail (n = 356). | VS; ART adherence; L&R; treatment and adherence knowledge; drug use; health service utilisation. |
| Giordano TP, 2016, USA (33). RCT. | Urban hospital | PLHIV hospital outpatients, out of care (n = 460) | VS; L&R; HRQoL; health service utilisation. |
| Graham SM, 2015, Kenya (34). Qualitative. | Rural clinic | MSM living with HIV (n = 30) and healthcare providers (n = 29). | ART |
| Griffith D, 2019, USA (35). Pragmatic trial. | Urban clinic | Youth and young PLHIV aged 18–30, history of mental health diagnosis, substance use or adherence issues (n = 137) | VS; L&R |
| Hosseinipour M, 2017 Malawi (36); Phiri S, 2017, Malawi (45). RCT. | Urban and rural clinic and community health organisation. | Pregnant and breastfeeding women living with HIV (n = 1272). | VS; L&R |
| Karwa R, 2017, Kenya (37). Mixed methods. | Urban hospital | PLHIV in hospital care (n = 1,357). | L&R; ART |
| Koneru A, 2017, Tanzania (38). Cross-sectional. | Urban clinic | Women living with HIV (n = 399). | Cancer prevention |
| Lifson AR, 2017. Ethiopia (39). Panel/longitudinal. | Rural clinic | PLHIV newly enrolled in clinical care (n = 142). | L&R; HRQoL; HIV knowledge |
| Maulsby C, 2015, USA (40). Panel/longitudinal | Urban and rural community health organisations | PLHIV, MSM, newly diagnosed, incarcerated, out of care or on a Medicaid plan (n = 2,615). | L&R; VS |
| Monroe A, 2017, Uganda (41). Qualitative. | Rural clinics | Treatment naïve PLHIV, peer support workers and clinic staff (n = 75) | ART; L&R; HIV prevention |
| Minick SG, 2018, USA (42). Qualitative. | Urban hospital | PLHIV hospital outpatients, out of care (n = 25) and interventionists (n = 9). | VS; L&R |
| Myers JJ, 2018, USA (43). RCT. | Urban incarcerated and post-release setting | PLHIV exiting jail with current or former experience of drug use (n = 270). | VS; L&R; HIV prevention; AOD risk behaviour; health service utilisation |
| Odiachi A, 2020, Nigeria (44). Mixed methods. | Rural clinics | Mothers and pregnant women living with HIV (n = 100) and expert mothers (n = 37). | VS; L&R; HIV prevention. |
| Pitpitan EV, 2020, Mexico (46). Qualitative. | Urban community health organisation | PLHIV; people who use drugs, sex workers, MSM, trans women. Service providers (n = 8) | L&R |
| Ryerson Espino SL, USA (47). Qualitative. | Urban and rural clinic and community health organisations | Women living with HIV from ethnic minorities. Program administrators, intervention staff, evaluators and program partners from (n = 11) implementing organisations. | L&R |
| Reback CJ, 2019, USA (48); Reback CJ, USA, 2019 (49). Panel/longitudinal. | Urban community health organisation | Trans women from ethnic minorities living with HIV (n = 129) | VS; L&R; ART. |
| Sam-Agudu NA, 2017, Nigeria (49); Sam-Agudu NA, 2017, Nigeria (51). Non-randomised control trial. | Rural clinic | Mothers and pregnant women living with HIV (n = 497). | HIV prevention; VS; L&R |
| Sam-Agudu NA, 2018, Nigeria (52). Qualitative. | Rural clinics | Mothers and pregnant women living with HIV. Expert mothers (n = 36). | VS; L&R; HIV prevention. |
| Steward WT, 2018, South Africa (53). Mixed methods. | Rural clinic | PLHIV, newly diagnosed clinic patients (n = 35), navigators (n = 4) and clinic providers (n = 5). | L&R; ART; HIV prevention. |
|
Legend n = number. MSM = men who have sex with men. PLHIV = people living with HIV. L&R = linkage and retention in care. VS = virological suppression. HRQoL = health-related quality of life. ART = ART initiation and adherence. | |||