Table 6.

Secondary health outcomes

Outcome area	Study	Outcome reported
ART initiation and adherence	Cunningham W, 2018, USA (32). RCT.	No improvement in self-reported adherence.
	Giordano TP, 2016, USA (33). RCT.	No significant differences between peer mentoring intervention and control in participants prescribed, taking or adherent to ART.
Health-related quality of life.	Cabral H, 2018, USA (28). RCT.	No significant differences between the peer intervention and standard of care groups.
	Giordano TP, 2016, USA (33). RCT.	No significant differences between peer mentoring intervention and control in health-related quality-of-life measures.
	Lifson AR, 2017. Ethiopia (39). Panel/longitudinal.	Participants had documented improvements in mental health parameters including feelings of internalized stigma and perceived social support. Participants also had a number of positive changes in physical health with increase in CD4 count, BMI, and physical QOL scores and a decrease in symptoms of chronic illness, which likely reflects the benefits of ART and other clinical health interventions.
	Minick SG, 2018, USA (39).	Suggested improvements to the intervention included more frequent contact with interventionists to provide additional support for mental health problems and targeting overall health rather than a more selective focus on HIV.
HIV self-management	Cabral H, 2018, USA (28). RCT.	No significant differences between the peer intervention and standard of care groups in self-efficacy or HIV knowledge.
	Cunningham W, 2018, USA (32). RCT.	Improved self-reported retention and adherence knowledge.
	Lifson AR, 2017. Ethiopia (39). Panel/longitudinal.	Participants had documented increases in HIV treatment knowledge.
Linkage and retention in care	Cunningham W, 2018, USA (32). RCT.	Improved self-reported retention in HIV primary care.
Drug use	Cunningham W, 2018, USA (32). RCT.	There was no effect on reported substance use.
Health service utilisation	Cunningham W, 2018, USA (32). RCT.	Peer navigation arm participants reported a greater increase in mental health, case management, treatment assistance and psychiatric hospital visits and less emergency department visits.
	Giordano TP, 2016, USA (33). RCT.	No significant differences between peer mentoring intervention and control in hopsitalisation or emergency room visits not resulting in admission.
	Myers JJ, 2018, USA (43). RCT.	Those in the intervention arm were also significantly more likely to be linked to mental health and substance dependency treatment.