Table 1.

Mixed effects ordinal logistic regression of diagnostic intensity tertile on Medicare and Medicaid to commercial payer ratio

	Odds ratio	95% CI	p value
Five-fold increase in Medicare and Medicaid to commercial payer ratio	0.24	0.16–0.36	< 0.0001
Teaching status
Major teaching hospital (referent)
Minor teaching hospital	2.36	1.17–4.78	0.02
Non-teaching hospital	2.04	0.94–4.41	0.07
Mean Elixhauser comorbidity score	1.13	1.00–1.27	0.05
Total hospital beds	1.00	1.00–1.00	0.25
Ownership category
Government owned (referent)
Church operated	1.13	0.60–2.15	0.70
Non-government, non-profit	1.44	0.91–2.28	0.11
Investor owned, for profit	1.67	0.81–3.44	0.17

Multivariable mixed ordinal regression with tertile of diagnostic intensity index as the outcome variable and 5-fold increase in Medicare and Medicaid to commercial payer ratio as the predictor variable of interest, controlling for teaching status, Elixhauser comorbidity score, total hospital beds, hospital ownership category, and state random effects

CI confidence interval