Table 1.
Parameter estimates, standard errors (SE), and p-values for lion probability of use during the wet (November–May) and dry (June–October) seasons, Serengeti ecosystem, Tanzania, 2018–2019. Values for categorical variables are as compared to reference categories of cultivated (land cover), no protection (protected area status), female (sex), and the northern study area. Significant predictors (p < 0.05) are marked in bold.
| Parameter | Wet season | Dry season | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate | SE | p-value | Estimate | SE | p-value | |
| Land cover | ||||||
| Herbaceous | − 0.651 | 0.076 | < 0.001 | − 0.712 | 0.121 | < 0.001 |
| Shrublands | − 0.048 | 0.080 | 0.547 | − 0.043 | 0.132 | 0.744 |
| Forest | − 0.402 | 0.138 | 0.004 | 0.333 | 0.199 | 0.095 |
| Population density (people/hectare) | 0.220 | 0.045 | < 0.001 | − 0.171 | 0.071 | 0.016 |
| Livestock density (livestock/9.26 km2) | − 0.248 | 0.051 | < 0.001 | − 0.139 | 0.081 | 0.087 |
| Distance from roads (km) | − 0.281 | 0.035 | < 0.001 | − 0.276 | 0.055 | < 0.001 |
| Distance from rivers (km) | − 0.059 | 0.034 | 0.085 | − 0.577 | 0.06 | < 0.001 |
| Distance inside protected areas (km) | 0.311 | 0.122 | 0.011 | 0.011 | 0.142 | 0.939 |
| Protected area status | ||||||
| Core | 3.490 | 0.629 | < 0.001 | 2.971 | 0.753 | < 0.001 |
| Medium | 3.622 | 0.637 | < 0.001 | 4.050 | 0.783 | < 0.001 |
| Strong | 4.029 | 0.615 | < 0.001 | 4.058 | 0.731 | < 0.001 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 0.121 | 0.079 | 0.124 | 0.030 | 0.117 | 0.798 |
| Study area | ||||||
| South | − 0.208 | 0.135 | 0.122 | − 2.201 | 0.340 | < 0.001 |
| Area × distance inside protected areas | ||||||
| South × distance (km) | − 0.216 | 0.135 | 0.110 | 1.576 | 0.225 | < 0.001 |