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. 2022 Nov 7;12:18884. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-21132-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of GCM and GCM-KL -induced cytotoxicity of primary cortical mouse neurons. The primary embryonic culture of neurons was submitted to 24-h treatment with GCM or GCM-KL in different concentrations, 25% (A) and 50% (B). Cytotoxicity was assessed by the LDH assay. One-way ANOVA analysis, followed by Tukey's post-test, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Results are presented as mean ± SEM of 5 independent experiments. (C) Representative schedule of the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effect of α-Klotho protein. LPS induces GCM to produce pro-inflammatory mediators that can lead to neuronal death (A). α-Klotho protein decreases the production of pro-inflammatory mediators induced by LPS in GCM (B), and it can have a protective effect on neurons from the neurotoxic effects of LPS induced by GCM. The figure was “Created with BioRender.com—Agreement number FH248VCXX8 to Scientific Reports”.