Table 3.

Constituents and subconstituents for mothers’ experiences of academic socialization

Constituents	Subconstituents
1. Mother’s High Academic Expectations and Determination for Parenting Roles	Emphasizing the mother’s educational views to the child
	Mother’s wish for the child’s prosperous and stable life
	Mother’s high expectations for academic achievement
	The child’s education becoming a top priority in the mother’s life
2. Adjustment of Expectations and Interventions through Trial and Error	Providing academic and career guidance in consideration of the child’s disposition
	Differing approaches due to the gender of the child
	Worrying due to unexpected outcomes of the child
	Not intervening with the child who does well on his or her own
	Comparisons made between siblings
	The passion for education poured into the first child
	Being sensitive to grades after seeing a report card
	Setting realistic expectations for the child’s grades
3. Transfer of Attitudes and Values for Academic Performance to Child	Creating a learning atmosphere for the child
	Emphasizing time management for the child’s learning
	Teaching learning strategies to the child
4. Mother’s Desire for Approval Revealed through Competition with Other Parents	Reluctantly pushing and pressuring children into competition
	Getting caught up in competition and being anxious
	Discovering the child experiencing challenges
	Strongly intervening to keep the child competitive
	Discovering mother’s own need to win competitions over others through her child
5. Child’s Superior Academic Achievement Serving as a Testament to the Mother’ Ability and Self-worth	The mother’s pride determined by child’s grades
	The mother’s wishes for her child to realize her own unaccomplished dreams
	Trial to validate herself as a successful mother through the child’s grades
6. Dissonance between Mother and Child Seen as Struggles for Control	Mother’s discovery of herself in controlling the child through the academic intervention process
	Manipulating the child to follow her will
	Getting frustrated due to an uncontrolled child
7. Mother’s Role as a Supporter of the Child’s Decisions and Efforts	Trusting the child’s decisions and efforts
	Taking pride in the child who is doing well
	Respecting the child’s decisions
	Letting the child get his or her way after experiencing conflict
	Trying to maintain a good relationship with the child
8. Career Decisions Made by Mother rather than Child	Parents’ career proposal considering only employment and economic factors
	Career intervention without considering the child’s aptitude
	Ignoring the child’s career preferences
	Mother playing a leading role in educational decisions
	Relying on the husband’s realistic judgment
9. Priority of Maintaining Academic Competitiveness rather than Taking Care of Mental Health	Superficial perception of the psychological difficulties experienced by the child
	Being cautious not to add extra pressure to the stress experienced by the child
	Consoling the child to get through the challenging process
10. Parents’ Support through Shadow Education to Strengthen Child’s Competitiveness	Providing shadow education to promote academic achievement
	Believing in the effects of shadow education
	Forming networks to provide quality shadow education
	Doing everything possible for the academic achievement of the child
	Feeling of her limited capacity to help the child with academic performance
	Trying to imitate other mothers with high achievers
	Attending parent meetings to have access to valuable information about shadow education
	Being excluded from networks composed of mothers of high achievers
	Being influenced by external environments
11. Use of External Professional Resources to Cope with Academic Crises	Use of counseling services to resolve academic stress
	Asking for help from learning experts
	Provision of a timely intervention for dropping grades
12. Mother’s Role and Instrumental Support Perceived as Insufficient	Insufficient support for shadow education due to lack of resources
	Being criticized by the child for lacking knowledge about college admission policies
	Insufficient care for the learning of the child
	Not meeting the expectations of the child
	Cooperation with husband facilitating academic intervention
	Experiencing differences in educational values held by mother and father