Table 2.
Predictive factors of AKI after CBP surgery (derivation cohort, n = 509)
| Parameters (derivation CBP cohort) | Overall (n = 509) | Acute kidney injury | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n = 389) | Yes (n = 120) | Adjusted univariate p value | Multivariate odds ratio (95% CI) | ||
| Preoperative features | |||||
| Male, n (%) | 381 (74.9) | 295 (75.8) | 86 (71.7) | 0.504 | – |
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 67.6 ± 11.4 | 66.7 ± 12 | 70.3 ± 9.1 | 0.002 | 1.03 [1.00–1.05] |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 26.9 ± 4.4 | 26.8 ± 4.2 | 27.5 ± 5.1 | 0.237 | – |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 127 (25) | 93 (23.9) | 34 (28.3) | 0.492 | – |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 269 (52.8) | 194 (49.9) | 75 (62.5) | 0.033 | 1.55 [0.98–2.50] |
| PAOD, n (%) | 49 (9.6) | 32 (8.2) | 17 (14.2) | 0.116 | 1.34 [0.63–2.72] |
| Stroke, n (%) | 33 (6.5) | 25 (6.4) | 8 (6.7) | 1.000 | – |
| COPD, n (%) | 29 (5.7) | 23 (5.9) | 6 (5) | 0.911 | – |
| EuroSCORE-II, mean ± SD | 2.4 ± 2.6 | 2.1 ± 2.2 | 3.4 ± 3.3 | < 0.001 | – |
| LVEF (%), mean ± SD | 55.9 ± 11.3 | 56 ± 11.4 | 55.7 ± 11.2 | 0.902 | – |
| Serum Creatinine (μmol/L), mean ± SD | 98.3 ± 41.2 | 92.5 ± 25.1 | 117.4 ± 68.7 | 0.001 | – |
| eGFR (mL/min.1.73m2), mean ± SD | 70.3 ± 20.2 | 72.9 ± 18.3 | 61.8 ± 23.7 | < 0.001 | 0.80 [0.71–0.91] |
| Kidney graft recipients, n (%) | 7 (1.4) | 1 (0.3) | 6 (5) | 0.002 | 18.75 [2.64–385.1] |
| Per-operative features | |||||
| Surgery | 0.504 | – | |||
| CAB, n (%) | 196 (38.5) | 156 (40.1) | 40 (33.3) | ||
| Valvular, n (%) | 175 (34.4) | 135 (34.7) | 40 (33.3) | ||
| Combined, n (%) | 71 (13.9) | 50 (12.9) | 21 (17.5) | ||
| Thoracic aorta, n (%) | 58 (11.4) | 41 (10.5) | 17 (14.2) | ||
| Myocardium, n (%) | 9 (1.8) | 7 (1.8) | 2 (1.7) | ||
| Previous cardiac surgery, n (%) | 23 (4.5) | 13 (3.3) | 10 (8.3) | 0.062 | 1.23 [0.39–3.65] |
| CBP time (min), mean ± SD | 85.3 ± 36.2 | 79.3 ± 30.8 | 104.8 ± 44.8 | < 0.001 | 1.02 [1.01–1.03] |
| RBC transfusion, n (%) | 91 (17.9) | 56 (14.4) | 35 (29.2) | 0.001 | 0.50 [0.003–3.33] |
| Number, mean ± SD | 0.4 ± 0.9 | 0.3 ± 0.8 | 0.7 ± 1.2 | 0.003 | 1.34 [0.61–2.93] |
| Vasoactive agents, n (%) | 456 (89.6) | 345 (88.7) | 111 (92.5) | 0.403 | – |
| Postoperative features | |||||
| RBC transfusion, n (%) | 151 (29.7) | 90 (23.1) | 61 (50.8) | < 0.001 | – |
| Number, mean ± SD | 0.8 ± 1.8 | 0.5 ± 1.1 | 1.8 ± 2.9 | < 0.001 | – |
| Vasoactive agents, n (%) | 277 (54.4) | 194 (49.9) | 83 (69.2) | 0.001 | – |
| Duration (day), mean ± SD | 1.2 ± 2.1 | 0.9 ± 1.3 | 2.2 ± 3.6 | 0.001 | – |
| Infection, n (%) | 83 (16.3) | 44 (11.3) | 39 (32.5) | < 0.001 | – |
| Iodinated contrast agents, n (%) | 25 (4.9) | 12 (3.1) | 13 (10.8) | 0.003 | – |
| Mechanical ventilation | |||||
| Duration (d), mean ± SD | 19.5 ± 77.2 | 11.1 ± 35.1 | 46.9 ± 143.4 | 0.014 | – |
| ICU stay duration (day), mean ± SD | 5.6 ± 6.7 | 4.6 ± 3.8 | 8.8 ± 11.4 | 0.001 | – |
| In-hospital mortality, n (%) | 15 (2.9) | 1 (0.3) | 14 (11.7) | < 0.001 | – |
BMI Body mass index, PAOD Peripheral artery obliterans disease, COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, LVEF Left ventricular ejection fraction, eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate, CBP Cardiac bypass, RBC Red blood cells, SD Standard deviation, AKI Acute kidney injury, KDIGO Kidney disease/improving global outcome classification