Table 2.
Identified factors, theme 1: shipping network
| Theme | Factor | References | Expected impact towards a Direct Connection |
|---|---|---|---|
| Shipping network | Affiliated terminal | Parola and Veenstra (2008) | + |
| Colonial ties | Ducruet et al. (2010a, b), Ducruet and Zaidi (2012) | + | |
| Connectivity | Calatayud et al. (2017), Gadhia et al. (2011), Notteboom (2004c), Wilmsmeier and Sánchez (2010) | + | |
| ECA routing | Chen et al. (2018), Dai et al. (2018), Dithmer et al. (2017), Doudnikoff and Lacoste (2013), Fagerholt et al. (2015), Franc and Sutto (2014), Schinas and von Westarp (2017) | − | |
| Logistics performance | Notteboom (2004a), Wang et al. (2012) | + | |
| Market concentration | Jensen and Bergqvist (2011), Lam et al. (2007), Lim and Das (2009), Notteboom (2004c) | − | |
| MSR routing | Wang et al. (2020) | + | |
| Nautical distance | Ducruet and Notteboom (2012a, 2012b), Notteboom (2012b) | − | |
| Political stability | Ducruet (2008), Fang et al. (2018), Fraser et al. (2016), Pham et al. (2018) | + | |
| Port infrastructure | Calatayud et al. (2017), Ducruet (2008, 2020), Ducruet et al. (2008, 2010a, b), Ferrari et al. (2015), Fraser et al. (2016), Lam and Yap (2011), Notteboom (2004c), Pham et al. (2018), Pierre et al. (2019), Robinson (1998), Rodrigue and Ashar (2016), Wang et al. (2012), Wilmsmeier and Notteboom (2011) | + | |
| Route deviation | Notteboom (2004c), Pierre et al. (2019), Rodrigue and Ashar (2016), Tran and Haasis (2014) | − | |
| Seasonality | Brouer et al. (2014), Cheng and Wang (2021), Huang et al. (2015), Panayides and Wiedmer (2011) | ± | |
| Security issues | Fu et al. (2010) | − | |
| Trade agreement | Ducruet (2008), Fraser et al. (2016), Lee and Lee (2012) | + | |
| Trade facilitation | Calatayud et al. (2017), Ducruet (2008), Fang et al. (2018), Walenciak et al. (2001) | + | |
| Trade flow | Chen et al. (2020), Ducruet et al. (2020), Ferrari et al. (2015), Fremont (2007), Fremont and Parola (2016), González Laxe et al. (2012), Guy (2003), Kang and Woo (2017), Li et al. (2015), Lin and Huang (2017), Notteboom (2012a, 2004c), Robinson (1998), Rodrigue and Ashar (2016), Tran and Haasis (2018), Wang and Wang (2011), Wilmsmeier and Sánchez (2010) | + | |
| Trade imbalance | Imai et al. (2009), Notteboom and Rodrigue (2008) | − | |
| Transit time | Benedyk and Peeta (2018), Brouer et al. (2014), Cheaitou and Cariou (2012), Jiang et al. (2020), Meng et al. (2014), Notteboom (2004b, 2006), Pham et al. (2018), Tran and Haasis (2018), Wang et al. (2016, 2018), Wu et al. (2017) | − | |
| Voyage cost | Pham et al. (2018) | − |