Table 3. Summary of identified model-agnostic XAI studies in oncology.
| Study | Cancer type | XAI Framework | Purpose of XAI | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delineation of global feature importance | Characterization of individual prediction feature importance | Visualization of nonlinear relationships and interactions | Identification of prognostic and/or predictive thresholds | Feature selection | |||
| Prognostication | |||||||
| Li et al., 2020 (15) | Prostate | SHAP | √ | √ | |||
| Bertsimas et al., 2021 (16) | Pancreatic | SHAP | √ | √ | |||
| Jansen et al., 2020 (17) | Breast | SHAP, LIME | √ | √ | √ | ||
| Chen et al., 2021 (18) | Nasopharyngeal | SHAP | √ | √ | √ | ||
| Moncada-Torres et al., 2021 (19) | Breast | SHAP | √ | ||||
| van den Bosch et al., 2021 (20) | Colorectal | SHAP | √ | ||||
| Gong et al., 2021 (21) | Esophageal | SHAP | √ | √ | |||
| Farswan et al., 2021 (22) | Multiple myeloma | SHAP | √ | √ | |||
| Alsinglawi et al., 2022 (23) | Lung | SHAP | √ | ||||
| Jacobson et al., 2022 (24) | Bone metastases | SHAP | √ | √ | |||
| Diagnosis | |||||||
| Suh et al., 2020 (25) | Prostate | SHAP | √ | √ | |||
| Kwong et al., 2022 (26) | Prostate | SHAP | √ | √ | |||
| Radiomics | |||||||
| Manikis et al., 2021 (31) | Glioma | SHAP, LIME | √ | √ | |||
| Gaur et al., 2022 (32) | Brain tumor | SHAP, LIME | √ | ||||
| Lee et al., 2021 (33) | Breast | LIME | √ | ||||
| Kha et al., 2021 (34) | Glioma | SHAP | √ | √ | |||
| Du et al., 2019 (35) | Nasopharyngeal | SHAP | √ | √ | |||
| Wang et al., 2022 (36) | Breast | SHAP | √ | ||||
| Pathology | |||||||
| Palatnik de Sousa et al., 2019 (37) | General | LIME | √ | ||||
| Abir et al., 2022 (38) | Leukemia | LIME | √ | ||||
| Modhukar et al., 2021 (39) | Breast | LIME | √ | ||||
| Chakraborty et al., 2021 (40) | Breast | SHAP, LIME | √ | √ | √ | ||
| Janssen et al., 2022 (41) | Prostate | SHAP | √ | √ | |||
| Meena et al., 2022 (42) | Skin | SHAP | √ | ||||
| Park et al., 2021 (43) | Leukemia | SHAP | √ | ||||
| Treatment selection | |||||||
| Ladbury et al., 2022 (44) | Endometrial | SHAP | √ | √ | |||
| Zarinshenas et al., 2022 (45) | Lung | SHAP | √ | √ | |||
| Laios et al., 2022 (50) | Ovarian | SHAP | √ | √ | √ | ||
| Bang et al., 2021 (51) | Gastric | SHAP | √ | ||||
| Epidemiology | |||||||
| Ahmed et al., 2021 (52) | Lung | SHAP | √ | √ | |||
| Kobylińska et al., 2022 (53) | Lung | SHAP | √ | √ | √ | ||
| Richter et al., 2019 (54) | Melanoma | SHAP | √ | √ | |||
| Radiation treatment workflow | |||||||
| Siciarz et al., 2021 (55) | Brain tumor | SHAP | √ | √ | √ | ||
| Chen et al., 2022 (56) | Prostate | SHAP, LIME | √ | √ | |||
XAI, explainable artificial intelligence; SHAP, SHapley Additive exPlanations; LIME, Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations.