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. 2022 Oct 25;13:1012927. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1012927

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Schematic illustration of adenosine-mediated immunosuppressive TMEs reversed by biomaterials. (A) Biomaterials activate CTLs, promote CTLs to express TCR and secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α. (B) Biomaterials inhibit adenosine production and adenosine binding to receptors, thereby inhibiting IL-10 and TGF-β secretion by Tregs. (C) Biomaterials activate NK cells to promote the secretion of granzyme B and IFN-γ. (D) Biomaterials stimulate the expression of surface activation markers of DCs (CD80, CD86, and MHC II) and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-α. (E) Biomaterials promote the polarize of macrophages to M1 phenotype, inhibit the secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and promote the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α. (F) Biomaterials inhibit MDSCs to secrete VEGF and IL-10.