Table 1.
Biomaterial-based strategies to regulate the adenosine signaling pathways for cancer immunotherapy.
| Target | Biomaterial | Combination therapy | Immunoregulation | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A2AR | Cross-linked multilamellar liposomal vesicle | SCH-58261 and CAR T-cell therapy | Increase the number of T cells located at the TMEs and the secretion of IFN-γ | (32) |
| PD-1 antibody-poly(propylene sulfide) nanoparticle conjugate | SCH-58261, PD-1 antibody, and SB-431542 (TGF-β inhibitor) | Enhance trageting of T cells to promote the proliferation of T cells and the secretion of IFN-γ | (6) | |
| E-selectin-modified nitrilotriacetic acid-PEG-poly-(acrylamideco-acrylonitrile) polymer | SCH-58261 and DOX | Promote DC maturation, increase T cells and decrease Tregs, also increase the secretion of IL-2, IL-6, IL-12p70, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, and decrease IL-10 | (7) | |
| TST, CPT-S-PEG, and AZD4635 co-assembled nanoparticle | AZD4635, camptothecin, and PTT | Improve the proportion of cytotoxic NK cells and T cells, and reduce MDSCs | (33) | |
| Photoactivatable semiconducting polymeric nanoantagonist | Vipadenant and PTT | Activate DCs, increase the proportion of CTLs and memory T cells, decrease the proportion of Tregs, and elevate the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and granzyme B, when decrease IL-10 and TGF-β | (34) | |
| Polydopamine nanoparticle | SCH-58261 and PTT | Enhance DC maturation, increase the cytoxicity of CTLs, promote M1 polarization, decrease the proporation of Tregs and MDSCs, also increase the secretion of IL-6, IL-12p40, IFN-γ, and TNF-α | (35) | |
| RGD-PEG-ss-PCL polymer micelle | SCH-58261, DOX, and R848 (TLR7/8 agonist) | Increase the proporation of CTLs and NK cells, and decrease the proporation of Tregs, with elevating IFN-γ and TNF-α, and declining TGF-β | (36) | |
| CD73 or CD39 | Polyethylene glycol-thioketal-DOX polymer | Anti-CD73 antibody, DOX, and PDT | Active DCs with increasing IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α levels, and enhance memory T cells | (37) |
| DSPE-PEG2000-pep liposome | CD39 inhibitor POM-1 and oxaliplatin | Augment memory T cells and reduce Tregs and M2 macrophages | (38) | |
| Chitosan-lactate nanoparticle | CD73 siRNA and DC vaccine | Suppress the accumulation of Tregs and MDSCs in the TMEs | (39) | |
| MnFe2O4-DCA nanocomposite | DCA | Synergize with DCA to alleviate hypoxia to downregulate CD39 and CD73 and increase the ratio of CD44+CD62L- memory T cells | (8) | |
| ADA | Alginate hydrogel | ADA, benzene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic (autophagy inducer), and DOX | Enhance the infiltration of CTLs and memory T cells in the TMEs and increase cytokines such as IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α | (40) |
RGD-PEG-ss-PCL, arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-poly(ethylene glycol)-ss-poly(ε-caprolactone).