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. 2022 Oct 25;13:947602. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.947602

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Copyright © 2022 Panahi, Einollahi, Beiraghdar, Darvishi, Fathi, Javanbakht, Shafiee and Akhavan-Sigari

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The immunogenicity mechanisms of COVID-19 vaccines. (A) Inactivated virus. (B) Virus-like particles. (C) Spike protein subunit. (D) Vector-based vaccines. (E) mRNA construct–based vaccines.