Table 3.

Overview of the elements used to assess practical first aid skills in various scenarios

Practical skills of first aid
Scenario	Study	Recorded by the observer	Recorded by the manikin or by digital device
CHOKING	Watson et al. (2018)	Calling 911, position of the manikin	Smartwatch: Maximum acceleration of back blow
	Watson et al. (2019)		Smartwatch: Acceleration and number of back blows
TOURNIQUET USE	Scott et al. (2020)	Recorded manually digital data for backup	HapMed leg Tourniquet Trainer: the total time needed to stop bleeding (< 4 min), tourniquet placement (2–3 in.), tourniquet pressure (> 200 mmHg), estimated blood loss (< 2500 mL), pressure status (good, loose or tight)
	Goolsby et al. (2018)	Correct tourniquet application: position, pressure (adequate if observer unable to slide finger under the band), time (< 7 min), reasons of failure.
	Baruch et al. (2016)		HapMed leg Tourniquet Trainer: application time in seconds (start/done-point) and tourniquet pressure (> 200 mmHg)
	McCarty et al. (2019)	Correct tourniquet application: distance above injury (2 inc), adequate tightness (observer unable to slide thin instrument between tourniquet and mannequin), time (< 7 min).
	Goralnick et al. (2018)	Correct tourniquet application: distance above injury (2 inch), adequate tightness (observer unable to slide thin instrument between tourniquet and mannequin), time (< 7 min).
HAEMOSTATIC DRESSING	Goolsby et al. (2019)	Correct hemostatic dressing location Reasons for failure	Z-medica simulator: sufficient pressure (250 mmHg)
MULTIPLE SCENARIOS	Anderson et al. (2011)	Checklists: scene safety, airway, airway clearance (abdominal thrust), emergency call activation, airway opening, ventilation trying	Recording manikin: rate, depth, frequency of ventilation and rate, depth and location of chest compressions
	Ertl & Christ (2007)	OSCE (Objective Structured Clinical Examination) two scenarios (CPR and severe bleeding)