Timed BMP inhibition induces olfactory placode expression with neural potential. (A) qRT-PCR results at day 24 for olfactory placode (POU2F1, DLX5, EMX2), neural progenitor (ASCL1, NESTIN), and lens placode (FOXE3). Values are normalized to 18S and compared with vehicle-treated group (n = 5, mean ± SEM). (B) Immunocytochemistry analysis comparing protein expression on day 24 of differentiation for POU2F1 (green) and NESTIN (red). Scale bars, 100 μM. (C) Quantification of POU2F1- and NESTIN-positive cells. Values are normalized to DAPI and compared with vehicle-treated group (n = 5, mean ± SEM). (D) Immunocytochemistry analysis comparing protein expression on day 24 of differentiation for DLX5 (green) and ASCL1 (red). Scale bars, 100 μM. (E) Quantification of DLX5- and ASCL1-positive cells. Values are normalized to DAPI and compared with vehicle-treated group (n = 5, mean ± SEM). P-values (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001). BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; SEM, standard error of the mean.