Combined TGFα and FGF8 treatment boosts EMX2 gene expression. qRT-PCR results at day 24 for olfactory placode (POU2F1, DLX5, EMX2) and neural progenitor (ASCL1, SOX2). Values are normalized to 18S and compared with vehicle-treated group (n = 5, mean ± SEM). P-values (***P < 0.001). FGF, fibroblast growth factors; TGFα, transforming growth factor alpha.