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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Apr 30.
Published in final edited form as: J Mol Biol. 2022 Jan 4;434(8):167440. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167440

Figure 7.

Figure 7.

A framework for genome expansion by tRNA +1 frameshifting at quadruplet codons. For improved incorporation of the ncAA to protein synthesis, components should include (A) an evolved host cell expressing a minimal set of non-essential iso-acceptors (e.g., the X or Z gene), leaving only the essential iso-acceptor of the tRNA for the amino acid of interest; (B) an evolved ribosomal small subunit; (C) an evolved ASL-expanded +1 frameshifting tRNA; (D) an evolved orthogonal aaRS that charges the ncAA to the tRNA; and (E) increased levels of the tRNA occupying the +1-frame of the A site downstream from the quadruplet codon. Evolved components are shown in cyan.