Table 2.

Summary of studies on adjuvant chemotherapy in penile cancer.

Study	Study type; total number of patients	Chemotherapy agent(s); number of patients	Safety	Key finding
Pizzocaro and Piva, 1988 [130]	Retrospective; n=12	•VBM; n=12	•Study reported mild toxicity (CTCAE grading not available)	•11/12 patients demonstrated no evidence of disease at a median follow-up of 42 months
Hakenberg et al., 2006 [131]	Retrospective; n=8	•PBM; n=8	•Treatment-related death in one patient	•3/8 patients demonstrated no evidence of disease at a median follow-up of 54 months
Noronha et al., 2012 [132]	Retrospective; n=19	•Paclitaxel + cisplatin; n=15 •Paclitaxel + carboplatin; n=4	•Treatment-related death in one patient •Vomiting was the most common Grade 3 toxicity	•Significantly improved median DFS in patients who completed chemotherapy versus those that did not (23.1 months vs. 2.16 months, respectively; p=0.0001)
Sharma et al., 2015 [18]	Retrospective; n=36	•TPF; n=18 •Cisplatin + 5-FU; n=8 •VBM; n=8 •PBM; n=1 •TIP; n=1	•NA	•Significant improvement in OS among responders versus non-responders (21.7 months vs. 10.1 months, respectively; p=0.048)
Nicolai et al., 2016 [19]	Retrospective; n=19	•TPF; n=19	•Neutropenia was the most common Grade 3 or greater toxicity	•2-year DFS of 36.8%
Necchi et al., 2019 [20]	Retrospective; n=171	•Unspecific regimen; n=83 •VBM; n=34 •Cisplatin + 5-FU; n=27 •TPF; n=26 •TPG; n=1	•NA	•Significant improvement in OS among patients with positive pelvic nodes

CTCAE, common terminology criteria for adverse events; DFS, disease-free survival; NA, not applicable; OS, overall survival; PBM, bleomycin, cisplatin, and methotrexate; TIP, paclitaxel, ifosfamide, and cisplatin; TPF, docetaxel or paclitaxel, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil; TPG, paclitaxel, cisplatin, and gemcitabine; VBM, bleomycin, vincristin, and methotrexate; 5-FU, 5-fluorouracil.