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. 2022 Nov 8;13:6740. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-34495-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — A, B The lymphocytes derived from the control group and the CD39i treatment group were clustered into 10 clusters according to classical markers. C The expression of classical markers in different lymphocyte subpopulations. D The proportions of different lymphocyte subpopulations in the control group and the CD39i treatment group (3 subcutaneous tumors from 3 mice mixed 1:1:1). E, F Flow cytometry showed that CD39i treatment resulted in the upregulation of NK cells (CD45 + CD3-NKP46 + ), Mean ± SEM: 0.4480 ± 0.0718 vs. 2.082 ± 0.1169. The two-side unpaired Student’s t-test was used for two-group comparisons of values. The flow cytometry analyses were repeated 3 times with 5 samples in each group. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. G CD39i treatment resulted in enhanced function (cytotoxicity) of CD8 + T cells and upregulated expression of several inhibitory receptors (Pd1, Lag3, and Tim3). H The molecular interactions between CD45 + immune cell populations via specific protein complexes, predicted by CellPhoneDB 2^{29, 30}. I A conceivable cell–cell communication network (Created with BioRender.com.) of immune cells in the subcutaneous tumor. P-values <0.05 were considered significant: *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001.