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. 2022 Oct 26;10:1023747. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1023747

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Copyright © 2022 Zhang, Ren, Zhang, Zhang, Zhang and Liu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Associations of serum osmolarity with DR, NHANES 2005–2008. (A) Model 1: Unadjusted. (B) Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex, and race. (C) Model 3: Adjusted for age, sex, race, education, marital status, BMI, smoke status, alcohol consumption, blood glycohemoglobin, serum total cholesterol, serum albumin, comorbidities, use of diuretics, and ophthalmic imaging status. Q1, the lowest osmolality group (serum osmolality ≤ 275 mOsm/kg); Q2, the lower osmolality group (276–279 mOsm/kg); Q3, the higher osmolality group (280–282 mOsm/kg); Q4, the highest osmolality group (≥ 283 mOsm/kg).