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. 2022 Oct 26;10:1023747. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1023747

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Copyright © 2022 Zhang, Ren, Zhang, Zhang, Zhang and Liu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Associations of serum osmolarity with DR severity, NHANES 2005–2008. (A) Model 1: unadjusted. (B) Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex, and race. (C) Model 3: Adjusted for age, sex, race, education, marital status, BMI, smoke status, alcohol consumption, blood glycohemoglobin, serum total cholesterol, serum albumin, comorbidities, use of diuretics, and ophthalmic imaging status. Mild NPR, mild non-proliferative retinopathy; Moderate/severe NPR, moderate/severe non-proliferative retinopathy; PDR, proliferative retinopathy.