Table 1.
Characteristics of United States participants grouped by with or without DR, NHANES 2005-2008.
| Characteristics | Without DR | DR | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 4,579) | (n = 641) | ||
| Age (years) | < 0.001 | ||
| < 65 | 3,014 (75.8) | 372 (65.2) | |
| ≥65 | 1,565 (24.2) | 269 (34.8) | |
| Sex | < 0.001 | ||
| Male | 2,266 (46.8) | 359 (55.7) | |
| Female | 2,313 (53.2) | 282 (44.3) | |
| Race | < 0.001 | ||
| Non-hispanic white | 2,587 (79.0) | 278 (70.2) | |
| Other races | 1,992 (21.0) | 363 (29.8) | |
| Education | < 0.001 | ||
| Under high school | 1,247 (16.6) | 247 (25.3) | |
| High school or equivalent | 1,134 (25.8) | 160 (29.4) | |
| Above high school | 2,198 (57.6) | 234 (45.3) | |
| Marital status | 0.896 | ||
| Married | 2,960 (69.7) | 414 (69.5) | |
| Not married | 1,619 (30.3) | 227 (30.5) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.003 | ||
| Normal weight | 1,216 (28.4) | 119 (20.9) | |
| Overweight | 1,652 (35.6) | 247 (36.9) | |
| Obese | 1,711 (36.0) | 275 (42.2) | |
| Smoke status | 0.33 | ||
| Current | 924 (20.0) | 121 (22.8) | |
| Ever | 1,486 (31.3) | 214 (29.2) | |
| Never | 2,169 (48.7) | 306 (48.0) | |
| Alcohol consumption (g) | 0.026 | ||
| 0 | 3,146 (64.8) | 479 (70.8) | |
| 0–20 | 776 (18.2) | 91 (16.3) | |
| >20 | 657 (17.0) | 71 (12.9) | |
| Glycohemoglobin (%) | < 0.001 | ||
| < 7.0 | 4,319 (96.3) | 430 (72.8) | |
| ≥7.0 | 260 (3.7) | 211 (27.2) | |
| Serum total cholesterol (mmol/L) | < 0.001 | ||
| < 5.1 | 2,125 (44.6) | 351 (56.4) | |
| ≥5.1 | 2,454 (55.4) | 290 (43.6) | |
| Serum albumin (g/L) | 0.035 | ||
| < 35 | 56 (0.9) | 19 (2.3) | |
| ≥35 | 4,523 (99.1) | 622 (97.7) | |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Hypertension | < 0.001 | ||
| Yes | 2,189 (45.9) | 384 (56.0) | |
| No | 2,390 (54.1) | 257 (44.0) | |
| Liver condition | 0.6 | ||
| Yes | 205 (4.2) | 25 (5.1) | |
| No | 4,374 (95.8) | 616 (94.9) | |
| Thyroid problem | 0.992 | ||
| Yes | 597 (13.7) | 83 (13.7) | |
| No | 3,982 (86.3) | 558 (86.3) | |
| History of CHF | < 0.001 | ||
| Yes | 169 (2.7) | 63 (8.0) | |
| No | 4,410 (97.3) | 578 (92.0) | |
| History of asthma | 0.164 | ||
| Yes | 546 (13.0) | 99 (16.0) | |
| No | 4,033 (87.0) | 542 (84.0) | |
| Use of diuretics | < 0.001 | ||
| Yes | 872 (16.2) | 183 (25.6) | |
| No | 3,707 (83.8) | 458 (74.4) | |
| Ophthalmic imaging status | 0.225 | ||
| Complete | 4,429 (97.9) | 613 (96.9) | |
| Partial | 150 (2.1) | 28 (3.1) | |
NHANES, The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; BMI, body mass index.
Ns are unweighted, proportions are weighted by MEC exam weight, and P values are calculated by the chi-square test of the Rao-Scott modified weight.