Table 2.
Characteristics of DR patients grouped by severity, NHANES 2005-2008.
| Characteristics | Mild NPR | Moderate/severe NPR | PDR | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 521) | (n = 96) | (n = 24) | ||
| Age (years) | 0.333 | |||
| < 65 | 298 (65.3) | 61 (67.3) | 13 (50.1) | |
| ≥65 | 223 (34.7) | 35 (32.7) | 11 (49.9) | |
| Sex | 0.456 | |||
| Male | 301 (56.3) | 48 (50.2) | 10 (59.5) | |
| Female | 220 (43.7) | 48 (49.8) | 14 (40.5) | |
| Race | 0.004 | |||
| Non-hispanic white | 247 (72.5) | 26 (56.0) | 5 (56.6) | |
| Other races | 274 (27.5) | 70 (44.0) | 19 (43.4) | |
| Education | 0.183 | |||
| Under high school | 191 (23.8) | 43 (31.9) | 13 (47.7) | |
| High school or equivalent | 134 (30.4) | 23 (26.0) | 3 (9.9) | |
| Above high school | 196 (45.8) | 30 (42.1) | 8 (42.4) | |
| Marital status | 0.612 | |||
| Married | 342 (70.0) | 60 (66.4) | 12 (62.9) | |
| Not married | 179 (30.0) | 36 (33.6) | 12 (37.1) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.007 | |||
| Normal weight | 103 (22.6) | 10 (8.3) | 6 (18.5) | |
| Overweight | 210 (38.0) | 33 (31.6) | 4 (22.1) | |
| Obese | 208 (39.4) | 53 (60.1) | 14 (59.4) | |
| Smoke status | 0.034 | |||
| Current/ ever | 282 (54.4) | 43 (35.5) | 10 (43.1) | |
| Never | 239 (45.6) | 53 (64.5) | 14 (56.9) | |
| Alcohol consumption (g) | 0.006 | |||
| 0 | 374 (68.2) | 85 (90.0) | 20 (74.1) | |
| 0–20 | 82 (17.4) | 6 (6.3) | 3 (23.9) | |
| >20 | 65 (14.4) | 5 (3.7) | 1 (2.0) | |
| Glycohemoglobin (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| < 7.0 | 394 (78.9) | 30 (33.9) | 6 (36.8) | |
| ≥7.0 | 127 (21.1) | 66 (66.1) | 18 (63.2) | |
| Serum total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0.584 | |||
| < 5.1 | 287 (55.5) | 50 (60.6) | 14 (68.2) | |
| ≥5.1 | 234 (44.5) | 46 (39.4) | 10 (31.8) | |
| Serum albumin (g/L) | 0.002 | |||
| < 35 | 513 (98.7) | 86 (89.6) | 23 (98.6) | |
| ≥35 | 8 (1.3) | 10 (10.4) | 1 (1.4) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 0.146 | |||
| Yes | 303 (54.7) | 66 (63.8) | 15 (65.6) | |
| No | 218 (45.3) | 30 (36.2) | 9 (34.4) | |
| Liver condition | — | |||
| Yes | 22 (5.1) | 3 (5.9) | 0 (0) | |
| No | 499 (94.9) | 93 (94.1) | 24 (100.0) | |
| Thyroid problem | 0.399 | |||
| Yes | 65 (13.3) | 11 (13.6) | 7 (25.7) | |
| No | 456 (86.7) | 85 (86.4) | 17 (74.3) | |
| History of CHF | 0.147 | |||
| Yes | 44 (7.0) | 12 (11.9) | 7 (27.3) | |
| No | 477 (93.0) | 84 (88.1) | 17 (72.7) | |
| History of asthma | 0.877 | |||
| Yes | 79 (15.7) | 16 (18.5) | 4 (14.2) | |
| No | 442 (84.3) | 80 (81.5) | 20 (85.8) | |
| Use of diuretics | 0.038 | |||
| Yes | 136 (23.2) | 37 (40.8) | 10 (40.0) | |
| No | 385 (76.8) | 59 (59.2) | 14 (60.0) | |
| Ophthalmic imaging status | 0.287 | |||
| Complete | 501 (97. 2) | 93 (96.4) | 19 (89.3) | |
| Partial | 20 (2.8) | 3 (3.6) | 5 (10.7) | |
NHANES, The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; BMI, body mass index. Ns are unweighted, proportions are weighted by MEC exam weight, and P values are calculated by the chi-square test of the Rao-Scott modified weight.