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. 2022 Nov 8:1–16. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1007/s12602-022-09998-2

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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2022, Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

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Fig. 8 — Proposed molecular mechanism for the effect of the Lactobacillus rhamnosus on the antiviral signaling and the cytokine storm in human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke and infected with SARS-CoV-2