TABLE 1.
Constraints applied to model set #1 and model set #2, for each subpopulation1
| Women | Men | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subpopulation | <50 y | 50–64 y | ≥65 y | <65 y | ≥65 y |
| Nutritional constraints (applied to model set #1 and model set #2) | |||||
| Energy, kcal/d | = Observed (1731.6) | = Observed (1711.5) | = Observed (1675.4) | = Observed (2207.1) | = Observed (2082.8) |
| Carbohydrates, % energy | [40; 55] | [40; 55] | [40; 55] | [40; 55] | [40; 55] |
| Fats, % energy | [35; 40] | [35; 40] | [35; 40] | [35; 40] | [35; 40] |
| Linoleic acids, % energy | ≥4 | ≥4 | ≥4 | ≥4 | ≥4 |
| Alpha-linolenic acids, % energy | ≥1 | ≥1 | ≥1 | ≥1 | ≥1 |
| DHA + EPA, mg/d | ≥250 | ≥250 | ≥250 | ≥250 | ≥250 |
| SFA, % of energy | ≤12 | ≤12 | ≤12 | ≤12 | ≤12 |
| Lauric + myristic + palmitic acids, % energy | ≤8 | ≤8 | ≤8 | ≤8 | ≤8 |
| Total sugars, without lactose, mg/d | ≤100 | ≤100 | ≤100 | ≤100 | ≤100 |
| Sodium, mg/d | ≤ Observed (2613.0) | ≤ Observed (2624.7) | ≤ Observed (2689.1) | ≤ Observed (3459.9) | ≤ Observed (3575.5) |
| Sodium-to-potassium ratio, molar | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 |
| Water, ml/d | 2000 | 2000 | 2000 | 2500 | 2500 |
| Fibers, g/d | ≥30 | ≥30 | ≥30 | ≥30 | ≥30 |
| Vitamin A, μg/d | [650; 3000] | [650; 3000] | [650; 3000] | [750; 3000] | [750; 3000] |
| Thiamin, mg/MJ | ≥0.14 | ≥0.10 | ≥0.10 | ≥0.14 | ≥0.10 |
| Vitamin B12, μg/d | ≥4 | ≥4 | ≥4 | ≥4 | ≥4 |
| Riboflavin, mg/MJ | ≥0.17 | ≥0.17 | ≥0.17 | ≥0.17 | ≥0.17 |
| Niacin, mg NE/MJ;mg/d | [1.6; 900] | [1.6; 900] | [1.6; 900] | [1.6; 900] | [1.6; 900] |
| Pantothenic acid, mg/d | ≥4.7 | ≥4.7 | ≥4.7 | ≥5.8 | ≥5.8 |
| Vitamin B6, mg/d | [1.5; 25] | [1.6; 25] | [1.6; 25] | [1.8; 25] | [1.7; 25] |
| Folates, μg/d | ≥330 | ≥330 | ≥330 | ≥330 | ≥330 |
| Vitamin C, mg/d | ≥110 | ≥110 | ≥110 | ≥110 | ≥110 |
| Vitamin D, μg/d | [5; 50] | [5; 50] | [5; 50] | [5; 50] | [5; 50] |
| Vitamin E, mg/d | [9.9; 300] | [9.9; 300] | [9.9; 300] | [10.5; 300] | [10.5; 300] |
| Calcium, mg/d | [960; 2500] | [950; 2500] | [950; 2500] | [960; 2500] | [950; 2500] |
| Copper, mg/d | [1.0; 5.0] | [1.3; 5.0] | [1.3; 5.0] | [1.3; 5.0] | [1.6; 5.0] |
| Iron, mg/d | ≥162 | ≥11 | ≥11 | ≥11 | ≥11 |
| Iodine, μg/d | [150; 600] | [150; 600] | [150; 600] | [150; 600] | [150; 600] |
| Magnesium, mg/d | ≥360 | ≥360 | ≥360 | ≥420 | ≥420 |
| Phosphorus, mg/d | ≥700 | ≥550 | ≥550 | ≥700 | ≥550 |
| Selenium, μg/d | [70; 300] | [70; 300] | [70; 300] | [70; 300] | [70; 300] |
| Zinc, mg/d | [7.5; 25] | [7.5; 25] | [7.5; 25] | [9.4; 25] | [9.4; 25] |
| ≥0.0058 × phytates + 5.8 | ≥0.0058 × phytates + 5.8 | ≥0.0058 × phytates + 5.8 | ≥0.0077 × phytates + 7.1 | ≥0.0077 × phytates + 7.1 | |
| Nonnutritional constraints (applied to model set #1 and model set #2) | |||||
| Diet cost, €/d | ≤ Observed (5.16) | ≤ Observed (5.77) | ≤ Observed (5.52) | ≤ Observed (6.33) | ≤ Observed (6.30) |
| Fish, g/d | <28.6 | <28.6 | <28.6 | <28.6 | <28.6 |
| Quantity per food item,3 g/d | ≤ 95th pctl | ≤ 95th pctl | ≤ 95th pctl | ≤ 95th pctl | ≤ 95th pctl |
| Fortified products and mineral waters,4 g/d | ≤ Observed | ≤ Observed | ≤ Observed | ≤ Observed | ≤ Observed |
| Additional constraints applied to model set #2 only | |||||
| Quantity per food group,5 g/d | [5th pctl; 95th pctl] | [5th pctl; 95th pctl] | [5th pctl; 95th pctl] | [5th pctl; 95th pctl] | [5th pctl; 95th pctl] |
| Quantity per food subgroup,5 g/d | [5th pctl; 95th pctl] | [5th pctl; 95th pctl] | [5th pctl; 95th pctl] | [5th pctl; 95th pctl] | [5th pctl; 95th pctl] |
| Quantity per food category,5 g/d | [5th pctl; 95th pctl] | [5th pctl; 95th pctl] | [5th pctl; 95th pctl] | [5th pctl; 95th pctl] | [5th pctl; 95th pctl] |
| Animal protein contributions to total proteins, % | Gradual decrease by 5% steps | Gradual decrease by 5% steps | Gradual decrease by 5% steps | Gradual decrease by 5% steps | Gradual decrease by 5% steps |
Model set #1 focused on determining the theoretical minimum level of total dietary proteins compatible with the fulfillment of all nutrient-based recommendations (without imposing a minimum quantity of total proteins), without changing the total energy content and at no additional cost. Model set #2 focused on determining the minimum percentage of animal proteins in total proteins compatible with the fulfillment of all nutrient-based recommendations (without imposing a minimum quantity of total proteins), without changing the total energy content, at no additional cost, and taking eating habits into account. Values in brackets are ranges e.g., in the case of fats, the recommended amount is between 35 and 40% of energy. Abbreviation: pctl, percentile.
Under the assumption of high iron losses through menstrual blood.
Quantities < 95th percentile estimated only for consumers of the food item.
Fortified foods were defined as breakfast cereals (3 food items), multivitamin juice, soya-based drink, tomato soup, soya-based desserts (3 food items), cocoa powder, pineapple juice, a mixture of oils, instant drink, and low-fat margarine. Each food item was constrained to remain below its observed amount. Mineral waters (8 food items) were constrained in the same way to favor tap water.
The 5th percentile and 95th percentile were estimated for all individuals, including nonconsumers of the food group.