TABLE 3.

Between-diet differences in predictive functional pathways in participants at risk of CVD¹

Comparison	Diet	LDA Score	P Value
LSD compared with MSD
None	—	—	—
LSD compared with HSD
Metabolism	LSD	3.28	0.011
Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins	LSD	2.61	0.012
Fructose and mannose metabolism PATH ko00051	LSD	2.47	0.047
Folate biosynthesis PATH ko00790	LSD	2.32	0.001
Carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes PATH ko00720	LSD	2.10	0.003
Cellular processes	HSD	2.83	0.022
Cell motility	HSD	2.80	0.021
Flagellar assembly PATH ko02040	HSD	2.61	0.041
Signal transduction	HSD	2.48	0.033
Two-component system PATH ko02020	HSD	2.45	0.044
Bacterial secretion system PATH ko03070	HSD	2.40	0.037
Bacterial chemotaxis PATHko02030	HSD	2.36	0.047
Peptidoglycan biosynthesis PATH ko00550	HSD	2.19	0.045
Photosynthesis PATH ko00195	HSD	2.14	0.050
Cysteine and methionine metabolism PATH ko00270	HSD	2.06	0.031
MSD compared with HSD
Metabolism	MSD	3.06	0.024
Fructose and mannose metabolism PATH ko00051	MSD	2.51	0.024
Folate biosynthesis PATH ko00790	MSD	2.15	0.003
Propanoate metabolism PATH ko00640	MSD	2.06	0.025
Arginine biosynthesis PATH ko00220	MSD	2.06	0.011
Cellular processes	HSD	2.85	0.026
Flagellar assembly PATH ko02040	HSD	2.62	0.034
Bacterial secretion system PATH ko03070	HSD	2.29	0.031

¹LEfSe analyses display predicted enrichment (P ≤ 0.05, LDA ≥2) of functional pathways based on PICRUSt2-predicted KEGG orthologs between the diets. The P values were derived from Wilcoxon signed rank tests. CVD, cardiovascular disease; LDA, linear discriminant analysis; LEfSe, linear discriminant analysis effect size; HSD, high-spice diet; KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; LSD, low-spice diet; MSD, moderate-spice diet; PICRUSt2, Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States 2.