Table 2.
Cartilage-specific targeting ligands for stem cell delivery
| Ligand | Target | Application | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cartilage penetrating cationic peptide (CPC) | Fixed charge density (FCD) of cartilage | Rapid penetration in full cartilage, high absorption, and 7-day retention of CPC + 14 | [78] |
| Supercharged green fluorescent proteins (GFPs) | Cartilage | Rapid transport into full-thickness cartilage and chondrocyte | [79] |
| CDP-11R | Cartilage | Accumulation in the cartilage after systemic intravenous injection; alleviation 0f joint inflammation and off-target toxicity | [73] |
| CBP peptide: LRELHLNNNC | Collagens | Targeting the extracellular matrix of inflamed tissues | [80] |
| PIGF2_123–144 | ECM, collagen type II | Improved cartilage adhesion of MSCs | [74–76] |
| CAP peptide: DWRVIIPPRPSA | Chondrocytes | Plasmid DNA and exosome target delivery | [69–71] |
| Aggrecan-binding peptides peptide: RLDPTSYLRTFW, HDSQLEALIKFM | Aggrecan | Binding to chondrocytes and extracellular matrix | [72] |
| Type II collagen binding peptide: WYRGRL | Collagen type 2 (CII) | Deep zone retention, increased half-life and retention in the cartilage | [77, 81–83] |
| P15-1 peptide: STMMSRSHKTRSHHV | Hyaluronan (HA) | Inhibition of chondrocytes inflammation | [84] |
| Monoclonal antibody (mAbCII) | Collagen type 2 | Enhanced collagen II binding and MMP-13 siRNA delivery for OA therapy | [85] |
| Avimer M26 | Collagen II | Enhanced cartilage retention time | [86] |
| Multi-arm Avidin (mAv) | Aggrecan-associated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) | Penetration through the full thickness of cartilage | [87, 88] |